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Theoretical topics:
Power and energy measurements
Phasing of a single phase system
Calculation of the phasing capacity
Reactive power
Apparent power
Active power
Boucherot's theorem
Fault simulation.
Circuit blocks:
Active, reactive and apparent power
Phasing of an ohmic inductive load
Boucherot's theorem.
Theoretical topics:
Separate excitation dc motors
Compound excitation dc motors
Power and efficiency
Shunt excitation dc motors
Series excitation dc motors
Semi controlled single phase bridge operation
Totally controlled single phase bridge operation
Linear control and control
Closed loop control
Fault simulation
Dc motor speed control
Dc motors as generators
Dc motors as tachometric dynamo
Transistor operation.
Circuit blocks:
Measurement of the speed of a dc motor
Power and efficiency
Control circuit of a dc motor
Adjustment of the PWM speed
Adjustment of the closing loop speed
Counter electromotive force of a dc motor
Load operation of a dc motor.
Programming, operating, and troubleshooting skills on modern PLC systems are vital for future professionals Portable PLC Systems Troubleshooting Learning System provides a highly interactive system that integrates an HMI panel, networking, and a variety of programming commands in order to simulate real-world processes. Portable PLC Systems Troubleshooting Learning System provides a mobile option for teaching both basic and advanced applications as well as sophisticated troubleshooting using the powerful PLC. Combined with thorough curriculum, learners will gain both theoretical and hands-on knowledge that can start them on a path towards a rewarding career. Inside this attractive, durable carrying case, learners will find a world-class learning system with components like the Human Machine Interface (HMI) panel, which allows user input and displays output data.
Features:
PLC Fault Troubleshooting
Mobile training platform that can be used to deliver training at multiple facilities
Student Reference Guide
Rich Applications: Learn both basic and advanced applications using
Modern Multimedia Curriculum with Panel View Plus Terminal and Networking.
The PLC Troubleshooting Learning System includes Control Logix processor, I/O rack, (32) 24VDC outputs, (32) 24VDC inputs, power supply, cable set, and integration in the Learning System. The PLC Troubleshooting Learning System Control Logix PLC System adds to the Programmable Controller Learning System to provide model Control Logix PLC application study.
Features:
Provides model Control Logix PLC application study
Strong hands-on skills and curriculum
Adds to the Programmable Controller Learning System
Student Reference Guide
Multimedia Curriculum Available.
The Panel View Operator Learning System is designed for higher processors and includes a Panel View 1000 operator terminal, mounting panel, cable set, in-depth curriculum for both theory and lab, and teachers assessment guide.
Panel View Operator Learning System adds to the PLC Troubleshooting Learning System to teach Human-to-Machine Interface (HMI) using Panel View Operator Station and model PLCs. Learners will study industry-relevant skills including how to operate, interface, and program Panel View operator terminals.
HMI operator stations have become commonplace in modern industry because they eliminate wiring, enable operator functions to be modified in software, and provide the ability for the operator to monitor PLC operations data.
Features:
Designed for higher processors
Reliable, industry standard components and features
Teaches Human-to-Machine Interface (HMI)
Includes a Panel View 1000 operator terminal, mounting panel, and cable set
World-class curriculum that integrates knowledge and skill-building.
Panel view Plus Learning System will be used to cover major topic areas like application editing, tags and communications, input and output objects, local messages, and alarms, diagnostics, and information messages. The Panel view Plus Learning System adds to the Programmable Controller Troubleshooting Learning System and covers how to program and operate a Panel View Plus 6 1000 HMI operator interface terminal. In addition to this system requires a Control Logix PLC System, PLC Ethernet Learning System Panel view Plus Learning System and Factory Talk View ME Programming Software. The Panel view Plus Learning System includes Panel View Plus 6 1000 with touch screen, Ethernet cable, and mounting console. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) operator stations have become commonplace in modern industry because they eliminate wiring, enable operator functions to be modified in software, and provide the ability for the operator to monitor PLC operations data. This learning system combines industry-standard components for real-world learning and durability and combines it with in-depth curriculum so that learners can practice hands-on skills while gaining the knowledge necessary to understand the reasons behind the skills that they're practicing.
Features:
Panel View Plus 1000 touch screen
Student Reference Guide
ME Studio software
Optional Online eBooks.
The PLC Control Net Learning System includes: two Control Net modules, two Control Net taps, Control Net cable, Software, supplemental disk, mounting hardware, student curriculum for both theory and lab, and a teacher's assessment guide. Students will learn how to install, configure and troubleshoot Control Net networks. The PLC Control Net Learning System adds PLC Troubleshooting Learning Systems to teach the fundamentals and troubleshooting of industrial communications networks using Control Net, a popular Control Logix control network. Technicians must be able to understand, install and troubleshoot these networks. Control Net is a high-speed deterministic network for transferring both scheduled and unscheduled messages on the same cable. The rapid exchange of data between departments within a manufacturing facility has become an integral part of the production process.
Features:
Industrial Components
Hands-on Skills
Optional Online eBooks
Student Reference Guide
Teaches the fundamentals and troubleshooting of industrial communications networks using Control Net, a popular Control Logix control network.
Motion Control Learning System teaches the skills required to understand and maintain the sophisticated industrial applications so commonly found in modern industry. The motion control action may be as simple as opening and closing a valve or as complex as controlling multiple axes on a CNC machine. Motion Control Learning System is used where conventional motor control, using discrete inputs and outputs, cannot achieve the accuracy needed to produce a product. A good example of motion control is an offset printing press that uses four motors to print four separate colors on a page and another motor to turn the feed roll. A motion controller sends acceleration and velocity commands to each motor to control its speed, torque, and rotor position. At the same time the motion controller monitors these parameters and adjusts the output as needed to create a legible color image on the page. Motion Control Learning System applies to a wide range of industries that need to meet market demands for greater system throughput and improved output quality and precision. Some of these industries include automotive, energy, medical, petroleum, printing, and packaging. Motion control training for multiple axes is necessary. The Motion Control Learning System provides instruction in motion control for a multiple axis system, including set-up, operation, programming, and multi-axis synchronization and control. Motion Control Learning System includes a tabletop workstation, multiple single axis drives, and motion controller with control programming software, tensioning kit, synchronization kit, registration kit, timing kit, communication cables, lockout/tagout kit, student curriculum, and instructor's assessment guide. Motion Control Learning System is self-contained and teaches students to control both single and multiple axes. It allows students to learn industry-relevant skills including how to create, navigate, configure, operate, maintain, and apply industrial motion control systems.
Features:
Students Learn Skills In Motion Control Programming
Reliable, Industry Standard Components and Features
Teaches Applications of Motion Control In Industry
Optional Online eBooks.
These devices are connected through a network scanner module rather than the input and output modules of traditional networks. Field-device networks, such as Device Net, provide a wider range of control and can perform higher functions than traditional networks. PLC Device Net Learning System adds to Troubleshooting Learning Systems to teach operation, installation, configuration and troubleshooting of the Device Net field-device network. The PLC Device Net Learning System includes Device Net I/O application station, Device Net scanner module, software, cable assembly, jumper plugs, supplemental disk, student curriculum for both theory and lab, and teacher's assessment guide. Device Net is a high-speed, deterministic, field device network for connecting devices such as limit switches, photoelectric sensors, solenoid valves, motor starters, variable speed drives and operator interfaces to a controller. Manufacturing technicians will need to understand these networks and their operation in order to install and troubleshoot the networks as well as the network's interconnections to PLC's.
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DC Electronic Drives Learning System will cover major DC electronic drive topics like DC motion control, silicon controlled rectifier control, DC spindle drives, DC servo axis drives, DC pulse width modulation drives, and DC drive troubleshooting. DC Electronic Drives Learning System covers industrial DC electronic motor drives used to provide accurate control of speed, position, and acceleration in applications like CNC machine tools, conveyors, robots, mixers, and presses. The DC Electronic Drives Learning System includes a mobile training console, power supply, isolation transformer, control panel with control components and instrumentation, DC spindle drive panel, DC servo axis drive panel, DC PWM drive panel, DC shunt wound motor (1 HP), DC permanent magnet servo motor (1 HP), and resistive load unit. The DC Electronic Drives Learning System offers a variety of drive and motor brands and models to give learners a comprehensive learning experience that will better prepare them for what they'll see in the field. This learning system also trains learners how to troubleshoot electronic drive motor control circuits under realistic conditions with circuit faults that can be introduced throughout the system. This system uses industrial quality components for durability and to help learners become acquainted with what they will encounter on the job.
Features:
Industrial Loads-inertial and friction
Built-in Instrumentation
Heavy Duty Welded Steel Workstation
Interchangeable Drive Panels
Industrial Safety Devices
Fault Insertion
Multimedia curriculum available
Industrial Standard Drives and Motors
Optional online eBooks.
The Portable PLC Programming Operation uses unique electronic fault insertion, to teach PLC troubleshooting skills, such as PLC input and output testing, software testing, and application troubleshooting. The Portable PLC Programming Operation PLC Troubleshooting Learning System provides comprehensive curriculum and a cutting-edge workstation to teach PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) programming, operation, and applications used in industry. The Portable PLC Programming Operation comes with a mobile carrying case, workstation mounting panel, master control relay circuit, software, a Panel View Plus terminal, an Ethernet Switch, I/O Simulator, five application circuits, student curriculum, instructor's assessment guide, and installation guide. Learners will study the industry-relevant application and PLC system troubleshooting skills that are so needed in today's workplace. Learners study both basic and advanced applications using Plus, and networking throughout the curriculum.
Features:
Mobile training platform that can be used to deliver training at multiple facilities or for convenient storage
Teaches PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) programming, operation, and applications used in industry
Uses unique electronic fault insertion, to teach PLC troubleshooting skills.
The system's highly-interactive multimedia curriculum takes the learner through 14 modules covering 89 skills that provides an unmatched breadth and depth of knowledge and skill building only can provide this level of training using a compact, portable workstation. Learners use the powerful plus terminal, and networks throughout the curriculum to build basic skills, such as program editing, to more advanced skills, such as analog output scaling. Portable PLC Learning System is a portable solution for when there is a need to teach PLCs where there is limited space such as in a conference room, lab area, or even a shop floor desk Its compact size and durable case also provide for safe storage when your limited space must be used for teaching other subjects or when the system must be transported to a different location in the facility for use.
Features:
Highly-interactive multimedia curriculum takes the learner through 14 modules covering 89 skills that provides an unmatched breadth and depth of knowledge and skill building.
A portable solution for when there is a need to teach PLCs where there is limited space such as in a conference room, lab area, or even a shop floor desk.
Enhances learning through a wide array of real world applications that allows learners to actually see their programs control real systems.
The AC Electronic Drives Learning System teaches learners how to troubleshoot electronic drive motor control circuits under realistic conditions with circuit faults that can be introduced throughout the system. AC Electronic Drives Learning System teaches industrial AC electronic motor drives that are used to provide accurate control of speed, position, and acceleration in applications such as CNC machine tools, conveyors, robots, mixers, and presses. Learners study industry-relevant skills including how to operate, install, tune, and troubleshoot three major types of AC systems: AC vector-type spindle drives, AC servo axis drives, and AC variable frequency drives. The AC Electronic Drives Learning System includes a manual fault insertion system, AC vector spindle drive panel, AC general purpose drive panel, AC servo axis drive panel, a .75 HP induction motor, and a 1 HP brushless servo motor. This factory automation training system uses industrial quality components to both standup to frequent use and to help learners become better prepared for what they will encounter on the job.
Features:
Heavy Duty Welded Steel Workstation
Industrial Standard Drives and Motors
Fault Insertion
Industrial Loads-inertial and friction
Built-in Instrumentation
Interchangeable Drive Panels
Industrial Safety Devices
Student reference guide
Multimedia curriculum available.
The Power And Control Electronics Learning System features interchangeable application panels with industry-standard components that learners will use to set up a wide variety of real-world machine applications. Power And Control Electronics Learning System explores the fundamental concepts of industrial power and control electronics and their applications, such as measuring temperature, speed, and analog signals. These panels will help learners to cover concepts like linear power supplies, solid state relays, discrete and thermal sensing devices, solid state switching, and more The Power And Control Electronics Learning System also utilizes Fault Pro, the industry's premier computer-based fault insertion system, which enables learners to develop key industry troubleshooting skills. This learning system will teach learners how to operate, adjust, and troubleshoot electronic components, circuits, and systems used in machine applications across industries like manufacturing, transportation, energy, and construction. The Power and Control Electronics Learning System features 30 different faults to present learners with realistic troubleshooting experiences.
Features:
Industrial Quality Components
Safe and Flexible Storage Mounting
Computer Based Fault Insertion
Real World Applications
Optional Online eBooks.
The PLC Technician Troubleshooting Learning System module easily mounts to the workstation and includes cables to ensure full compatibility. The fault kit includes I/O cables for connection of the PLC to the I/O on the Learning System. The PLC Technician Troubleshooting Learning System PLC includes all the hardware components needed to support the PLC Technician Troubleshooting Learning System student learning materials. Factory installed integration package creates faults specific to the PLC. This fault package is fully compatible with the computer-based fault insertion system supplied with the Learning System. The PLC Technician Troubleshooting Learning System includes: PLC, communications cable, I/O connector kit, fault insertion engineering and connector kit, supplemental CD, student curriculum for both theory and lab, and teacherassessment guide.
Features:
Student Reference Guide
Adds to the PLC Workstation
Hands-on Skills
Optional Online eBooks
Teaches troubleshooting, programming and applications of the Siemens PLC.
The model PLC Analog Learning System includes an analog application station, cable assembly, Control Logix combination analog module, student learning materials for both theory and lab and a teacher's assessment guide. The PLC Analog Learning System adds PLC Troubleshooting Learning System to teach PLC control of analog input and output devices. Applications include temperature control, liquid level control, and variable speed conveyors just to name a few. Students will learn industry relevant skills including how to operate, interface, program and troubleshoot PLC systems using analog I/O. Analog I/O capability enables PLCs to more precisely control processes by providing variable output signals and receiving variable input feedback from sensors.
Features:
Self-Contained Learning Platform
External Analog I/O Control
Student Reference Guide
Interchangeable Application Station
Optional Online eBooks.
Motion Control Learning System Single Axis applies to a wide range of industries that need to meet market demands for greater system throughput and improved output quality and precision. Some of these industries include automotive, energy, medical, petroleum, printing, and packaging. Motion Control Learning System Single Axis is used where conventional motor control, using discrete inputs and outputs, cannot achieve the accuracy needed to produce a product. A motion controller sends acceleration and velocity commands to each motor to control its speed, torque, and rotor position. At the same time the motion controller monitors these parameters and adjusts the output as needed to create a legible color image on the page. A good example of motion control is an offset printing press that uses four motors to print four separate colors on a page and another motor to turn the feed roll. Motion Control Learning System Single Axis is self-contained and teaches students to control one axis. It allows students to learn industry-relevant skills including how to create, navigate, configure, operate, maintain, and apply motion control systems. Motion Control Learning System Single Axis teaches the skills required to understand and maintain the sophisticated applications so commonly found in modern industry. The motion control action may be as simple as opening and closing a valve or as complex as controlling multiple axes on a CNC machine. Motion Control Learning System Single Axis includes a tabletop workstation, motion controller with control programming software, tensioning kit, synchronization kit, registration kit, timing kit, communication cables, lockout/tagout kit, student curriculum, and instructors assessment guide. The Motion Control Learning System Single Axis system provides instruction in motion control for a single axis system, including set-up, operation, programming, and control.
Features:
Students Learn Skills In Motion Control Programming
Reliable, Industry Standard Components and Features
Teaches Applications of Motion Control In Industry
Optional Online eBooks.
Biodiesel Process Trainer PLC Controls provides students the opportunity to gain real operating experience focusing on all aspects of biodiesel production the chemical process, control strategy, and management of the chemical process. The Biodiesel Process Trainer is a pilot-scale plant that demonstrates both batch and semi-continuous conversion of vegetable oil feedstock into biodiesel. The Biodiesel Process Trainer has instrumentation to provide for control of all process flows, temperatures and levels.
Function:
The rate of reaction is influenced by several factors including temperature and degree of mixing. The Biodiesel Process Trainer is designed and built for instructional use and includes many student-friendly features. The conversion of triglycerides into biodiesel is normally performed by base-catalyzed conversion. This reaction takes place at modest conditions of temperature and pressure and can produce conversion rates over 98%. This highly flexible process trainer incorporates various commercially available mixing technologies and process configuration options to allow for the comparative analysis of the technologies currently available in the biodiesel industry. The main reaction vessel is constructed from industrial glass allowing the students to visually monitor the trans-esterification process.
Capacitive Load Bank
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Single or three phase inductive step variable load.
Max. Voltage: 220/380 V/Y
Max. Power: 3 x 300 VAR.
This radiation does not produce heat, it does not alter the tissues and it is not felt by the patient that is under therapy. It performs an anti-inflammatory and revitalizing action. I.R. (Infrared Radiation) is a beam of non visible, unidirectional and monochromatic light (since it is emitted in the infrared band) that transfers remarkable amounts of energy represented by photons
Theoretical topics:
Features of the Laser
Introduction to the Laser
Semiconductor Laser
CO2 Laser
Circuit blocks of Laser Therapy
Typical circuit of an IR Laser
Main applications of the Laser Therapy.
Consequently, they cause a fast regeneration of the bony and cutaneous tissues and considerably increase the immune defenses of the body. Low frequency and low intensity magnetic fields and high frequency electromagnetic fields, act on the whole body through an effect of substitution or activation of the missing electrical currents, where the magnetic component is almost equal to the electrical component.
Circuit blocks:
Typical circuit of a Magnetotherapy
Main functions of the Magnetotherapy.
Theoretical topics:
The Magnetotherapy
Equipment for Magnetotherapy
Outline of electromagnetism
The electromagnetism in the medical practice.
During the cardiac relaxation period (diastolic period) the pressure decreases, the density increases and the physical dimension of the tips of the fingers decreases. At every heartbeat the arterial blood pressure raises (systolic period) and the dimension of the tips of the fingers slightly increases, while the higher oxygenation causes the decrease of the optical density of the skin tissue. Since these cyclical variations follow the cardiac rhythm, they can be used to measure the frequency of the peripheral pulsations.
Circuit blocks of Pulse Rate
Effects of the temperature on the measurement of the frequency of the pulsations
Recordings of the peripheral pulsations in a finger
Effects of breathing and exercising on the frequency of the pulsations.
Theoretical topics:
Measurement of the cardiac frequency
The use of optical sensors
Comparator with hysteresis for the processing of the signal provided by the optical sensor
Concept of cardiac rhythm and typical values, in different subjects and in different conditions of the subject.
It causes selective muscular contractions, more powerful and extended than those that are possible through voluntary efforts; it increases the metabolism of the fats with consequent reduction of the adipose zones; it allows, without physical efforts, amazing results such as the increase of the tone and of the volume of the muscles; it tones up the muscles and it progressively reactivates the functionalities of limbs that need re-education. The Electro Stimulation, or the involuntary muscular contraction that is caused by electrical pulses, is a practice used both in rehabilitation and in sport or fitness.
Circuit blocks of Electro Stimulation
Typical circuit that is used in of Electro Stimulation
Main therapeutical effects in sport and beauty fields
Theoretical topics of Electro Stimulation
The Electro Stimulation for passive gymnastics
The Electro Stimulation
Biomedical techniques for the Electro Stimulation.
These substances, named active principles, of different dimensions and molecular weights, become extremely effective because they act inside the skin tissues at higher concentrations. The Ionophoresis is a technique that allows the substances in ionic form to penetrate from the surface of the skin to the deeper layers through a current.
Circuit blocks of Ionophoresis
Typical circuit that is used in the Ionophoresis
Main therapeutic effects.
This property is successfully used also in physiotherapy, where Ultrasound have demonstrated a remarkable curative validity in several affections, such as arthritis, lumbagos, articular stiffness and many others. The penetration power of Ultrasound in the tissues of the human body has revolutionized the field of medical diagnostics.
Circuit blocks of Ultrasound Therapy
Typical circuit used in Ultrasound Therapy
Main applications of the Ultrasound Therapy.
Theoretical topics of Ultrasound Therapy
Method of application
Oscillators
Ultrasound
Medical applications of Ultrasound
Power supply switching.
The changes of the resistance are particularly significant on the palm of the hands and on the plant of the feet. Such resistance decreases during periods of emotional stress. Moreover, the surface of the skin shows an electrical potential, that can reach up to 50mV and that can equally be influenced by emotional states. At the passage of an electrical current, the skin shows a resistance that is normally within the 100 kOhm to 1 MOhm range.
Circuit blocks:
Typical circuit that is used in the monitoring of the Galvanic Skin Resistance
Variation of the resistance in direct current of the skin with relation to humidity
Recording of the changes of the Galvanic Resistance of the skin due to emotional or physical stimuli.
The lower value (diastole) corresponds to the pressure that we have in the arteries between two heart beats. The upper value (systole) is the maximum pressure that is recorded in the artery in consequence of the heartbeat. In blood vessels there must be a certain pressure in order that the blood can properly flow. Each heartbeat causes a pressure wave that is transferred to the arteries. Therefore, it is necessary to properly evaluate the pressure and its variability through a pressure and heart beat digital meter.
Circuit blocks of Blood Pressure Monitoring
Typical circuit used in Blood Pressure Monitoring
Measurement of the blood pressure and heart beat
Evaluation of the average cardiac rate
Theoretical topics of Blood Pressure Monitoring
Measuring the blood pressure
The sensors
The blood pressure
Hypertension.
For this reason it is an effective, safe and innocuous therapy for the treatment of all the muscle and skeleton pains, neuralgias, rheumatic pains, articular pains, headaches, lumbar pains, sciatic pains and other affections. T.E.N.S., or Trans cutaneous Electrical Nerves Stimulation, is a particular low frequency wave form that, once applied through electrodes in the area of the cutaneous projection of the pain (triggers area), allows an almost immediate and long lasting reduction of the painful sensibility.
Circuit blocks of Trans cutaneous Electrical Nerves Stimulation
Typical circuit that is used in the T.E.N.S.
Mechanism through which electrical pulses are able to perform an analgesic effect
Closed loop proportional Âintegral control of the pressure
Characteristics of the pressure sensor
Composed of Kit For The Study Of Analogue Electronics
Sub module with power operational amplifier
Sub module with Schmitt trigger
Sub module with square triangular wave forms generator
Sub module with class A and class AB push pull circuits
Sub module with operational amplifier
Sub module with 1st order high pass low pass active filers
Sub module with 1st order high pass low pass passive filters
Sub module with 2nd order high pass low pass active filters.
This board does not substitute the medical device under study. The results of the experiments have no medical value. In this course we will study the devices that allow the passage of biomedical signals with given characteristics, while attenuating those that do not comply with the required parameters. They are just for demonstration purposes
Theoretical topics of Filters
Main configurations of the 1st and 2nd order Filters
Filters applications in the biomedical instrumentation
Filtering of the biomedical signals
Filters used in the measurement of the EEG and of the EMGv
Types and characteristics of the Filters
Notch Filters.
Composed of Kit For The Study Of Analogue Electronics
Sub module with power operational amplifier
Sub module with Schmitt trigger
Sub module with square triangular wave forms generator
Sub module with 1st order high pass low pass active filers
Sub module with 1st order high pass low pass passive filters
Sub module with 2nd order high pass low pass active filters
Sub module with class A and class AB push pull circuits
Sub module with operational amplifier.
Closed loop proportional Âintegral control of the pressure
Characteristics of the pressure sensor.
The design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and computer engineering. Furthermore it has additional modules to simulate different types of control such as the control of the position, temperature, speed and pressure. With this board the students can study the techniques of proportional control P, integrative control I, derivative control D, PID control, and on off control.
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The measurement of the bio electrical phenomena is, therefore, used to learn the electrochemical activity of such tissues. The most widely used bio electrical signals, such as the electro cardiogram, the electroencephalogram and the electromiogram, have a very low amplitude and are generated by sources that have a high internal impedance. In this course we will study first of all the general specifications of the systems for the measurement of bio electrical signals and subsequently the characteristics of some special systems. This course comprises a further instrument, the ECG Simulator, which is mandatory to provide power supply to the circuit and provides a simulated ECG signal for performing experimental activity. The bio-electrical potentials are currently recorded as a routine in several specialities of the modern clinical practice. Such potentials are the result of an electrochemical activity of a class of cells, named excitable cells that form the nervous, muscular and glandular tissues.
Theoretical topics:
The muscles and the measurement of their electrical activity
The brain and the measurement of its electrical activity
The bio-potentials and their measurement
The heart and the measurement of its electrical activity
Circuit blocks:
Electroencephalograph: to record the cerebral electrical activity
Electromiograph: to record the electrical activity of the muscles and of the relevant nervous fibres
Electrocardiograph: to record the potentials that are generated on the surface of the body during the process of stimulating the cardiac musculature.
In this course students will study some circuits for analogue to pulse conversion, sound indicator and analogue frequency meter. This board does not substitute the medical device under study. The events monitoring systems such as the frequency of the cardiac pulsations, the breathing frequency, etc., require that an analogue signal be converted to pulses and visualized on a display in order to be measured. They are just for demonstration purposes. The results of the experiments have no medical value.
Circuit blocks of Pulse Conversion
Measurement of the frequency of a periodical signal.
Circuit for the conversion of an analogue signal to a pulse signal.
Evaluation of the average cardiac frequency.
Composed:
Sub module with charge regulator, that can be connected to an external solar panel and to the battery.
Sub module with breadboard, for the realization of circuits with components such as photo diodes.
Sub module for comparing the efficiency of different light sources; it includes a light sensor, incandescent lamps and LED.
Sub module with photovoltaic solar cell, for exercises with cells in both series and parallel configuration.
Sub module with current regulator and relay circuit, to switch between battery and power supply when the battery is out of charge.
Sub module with multi function display, for the visualization of the measurements.
Sub module with battery controller to control the charge of the battery
Sub module with voltage regulators.
Small fan
Solar panel, 5W
Power supply.
With this board the students can study the operating principle of the transmission of digital signals using the most common modulations such as ASK(Amplitude shift keying), FSK(Frequency shift keying) and PSK(Phase shift keying) with the aid of encoders decoders NRZ, RZ, Manchester, Bi phase and Duo binary. The design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and computer engineering.
Circuit Blocks:
Bi phase coding and decoding
NRZ (Non Return to Zero) coding and decoding
Duo binary coding and decoding
RZ (Return to Zero) coding and decoding
PSK modulation and demodulation
ASK modulation and demodulation
FSK modulation and demodulation.
With this board the students can study the operating principle of a control system. In this card the most common adjustments are used such as PID and On Off controls. The design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and computer engineering. In addition to increase the teaching experience it is provided with a digital controller with display, alarm circuits and output stages.
Circuit Blocks:
Analog PID controller
Digital controller with Display
Alarm circuits
Linear amplifier
The module is also provided with terminals for the power supply of the sub-modules. The development module includes 9 free slots on which electronic expansion sub-modules can be inserted. The connectors give access to the internal input and output points of the sub-modules. Each slot contains connectors in its upper as well as in its lower side.
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Composed of of Kit For The Study Of Digital Electronics
Sub module with Flip Flop JK Master Slave
Sub module with Flip Flop D Master Slave
Sub module with 4 AND gates and 4 OR gates
Sub module with 4 EXOR gates and 6 NOT gatesv
Sub module with 4 NAND gates and 4 NOR gates
Sub module with multiplexer and Demultiplexer
Sub module with oscillators
Sub module with latch & buffer circuit
Sub module with up down counter
Sub module with 7 segment display
Sub module with shift register.
Application:
Characteristics of the heater
ON OFF control of the temperature
Closed loop proportional integral control of the temperaturev
Characteristics of the temperature sensor
Closed loop proportional control of the temperature.
Application:
Operation of an open loop and closed loop system
Characteristics of an encoder.
With this board the students can study the luminescent characteristics of the colors by analyzing factors such as change in color and intensity of light. The design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and computer engineering. To fully understand these concepts tools as LED, photo detectors, LCD display, infrared detector sand optical switches are used.
Technical Features:
Light drivers
555 Oscillator
LCD driver
Photo detector
LEDs
Infrared Transmitter/Receiver
Slotted optical switch
Couplers
LCD display and voltmeter.
With this board the students can learn to use a wide range of sensors such as those of temperature, of pressure, Hall sensor, strain gauge, capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic and infrared sensors. The design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and computer engineering.
Circuit Blocks:
Measurement of T through a thermocouple
Measurement of T through a thermistor
Measurement of the deformation through a strain gauge
Inductive sensor
Pressure Sensor
Use of the capacitor sensor
Magnetic switch
Hall sensor
Infrared transmission and reception
Transmission and reception of ultrasonic signals.
It contains all of the necessary elements for the student to carry out the design and wiring of his own electronic circuits, both analogue and digital.
Technical features:
2 push buttons with normally open and normally closed outputs
8 red logic indicators for high levels and 8 green logic indicators for low levels
1 Potentiometer - 1 kW
8 logical switches
1 loudspeaker, 8 W
1 Potentiometer - 10 kW
2 slide switches with free terminals
2 7-segments LCD displays with decoder
Removable breadboard
2mm terminals to connect to the breadboard
Cables with 2mm banana terminations for connection to the breadboard
Interface for PC.
With this board the students can study the operating principles of the most common techniques of analog modulation with the aid also of the signal generators and auxiliary circuits. The design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and computer engineering.
Technical Features:
AM modulation and demodulation Carrier input 0 15 V peak, 70 700 kHz
SSB modulation and demodulation Selective filter Carrier input 0 15 V peak to peak, 300 350 kHz Modulator input 0 2 V peak to peak, 30 50 kHz SSB demodulator with ACG
DSB modulation and demodulation Carrier input 0 15 V peak to Âpeak, 70 700 kHz Modulator input 0 15 V peak to peak, 3.5 50 kHz
Transmission with class C amplifier
Gain of the receiver 15 dB
FM modulation and demodulation Input 1 10 V peak to peak, 2 5 kHz Carrier 6 9 MHz
Modulator input 0 15 V peak peak, 3.5 50 kHz
Low frequency generator 0 15 V peak to peak, 3.5 50 kHz
Noise generator
Quadrature FM modulation and demodulation Input 1 10 V peak to peak, 3 5 kHz
PM modulation and demodulation Input 1 5 V peak to peak, 0 300 Hz
Carrier generator 0 15 V peak to peak, 70 700 kHz
The kit consists of a module with power supply, with different interfaces and a set of software application. This 32 bit Microprocessor Trainer can make students understanding and becoming familiar with the programming of the microprocessor and its components.
Technical Features:
General inputs and outputs with at least 64 ports
At least 8 Interrupt inputs
Onboard 256 MB Nand Flash
Onboard 64MB SDRAM and 2MB Nor Flash
Keyboard with hexadecimal keys
Expansion bus for connecting external applications
Development kit
7 segments display
10 bit AD converter and 8 bit DA converter.
Circuit blocks of Memories
Types of memories: RAM and EPROM
Elementary memory cells.
Memories
Elementary memory cells
Structure and operating principles
Theoretical topics of Memories
Memory classification
RAM memory
Sequential memory
Terminology and main characteristics
ROM memory
Fault simulation.
Theoretical topics of Logic Circuits
The algebraic description of the logic gates
The theorems of the Boolean Algebra
Binary system
Logic functions
The truth tables
Fundamental logic operators
NOT, AND and OR logic operators
Use of the AND and OR operators as control devices for the transfer of logic Classic form of a function
Graphic representation of the functions
AND OR NOT function
Techniques for the minimization of the logic functions through the application of the theorems signals
OR exclusive logic operator
Characteristic parameters of the logic gates
Definition and characteristics of a combinatory logic network
NAND and NOR logic operators
Use of the NAND and NOR operators as control devices for the transfer of logic signals
The TTL family
The CMOS family
The Karnaugh maps
Encoders, decoders, multiplexer and demultiplexer
Fault simulation
The BCD code.
Theoretical topics:
Definition and characteristics of a combinatory logic network
The BCD code
DEC/BCD and BCD/DEC code converters
Multiplexer
De multiplexer
Parity logic circuits
Encoders
Decoders
Nine bit 74180 parity generator/detector
A/D converters
Staircase A/D converter
Unipolar codes
Adders
Half adder
Definition and classification of shift registers
Applications
Fault simulation
Operation principle
4 bit bi directional shift registers
Bipolar codes
ADC converter with simple slope
ADC converter with double slope
ADC converter of parallel or flash type
D/A converter with R 2R network
D/A converter with weighed resistances
4 bit synchronous binary counter
4 bit asynchronous binary counter
Synchronous decimal counter
Up/down synchronous counters
Asynchronous decimal counter.
The ideal Operational Amplifier
The negative feedback
Not inverting configuration
Inverting configuration
Integrator
Differentiator
Study of ceramic filters
Study of active filters
Filters and parameters
Filters transfer functions
Filters in cascade
Attenuation characteristics of the active low-pass, high-pass, stop-band and band-pass filters
Study of passive and active notch filters
Study of switching filters
Fault simulation.
Theoretical topics:
Familiarization with DC motor connection types
Familiarization with stepper motor circuits
Types of electric motors
Position control with DC motor
Bi directional H bridge DC motor control circuit
Familiarization with unipolar/bipolar/bifilar/multi-phase stepper motors
Familiarization with AC motor circuits
Main characteristics of DC motor driving systems
Advantages and disadvantages of synchronous motors
Comparison between stepper motor and DC motor
Speed variation in motor controls.
Fault simulation
Theoretical topics:
Familiarization with DC motor driving systems
Circuits for the control of direct current machines
Circuits for the control of stepper motors
Familiarization with power devices
The MOSFET
Effect of feedback Fault simulation
Circuits for the control of AC machines
Frequency/Voltage converter
Circuit blocks:
DC/AC Converter
Stepper motor control unit
Control unit
Speed measurement unit.
Theoretical topics:
Diodes circuits
Switching regulator
Fault simulation
AC/DC conversion
DC/AC conversion
Voltage regulator with transistor
Variable IC voltage regulator with overload protection.
Circuit blocks:
Diodes
Circuit protect
Switching regulator
AC/DC converter
DC/AC converter
Shunt voltage regulator
Variable IC voltage regulator.
Theoretical topics:
Flip flop S R, with NOR and NAND operators
Flip flop T and D
Flip flop J K Master Slave
Flip flop J K
Definition, classification and operating principle of the most common shift registers
Synchronous and asynchronous decimal counter
Parity generator
Synchronous and asynchronous 4 bit binary counter
Fault simulation
Adders.
Circuit blocks:
Shift registers
Flip flops
Counters.
Theoretical topics:
Simple slope A/D Conversion
Double slope A/D Conversion
Analogue and digital signals
The D/A Conversion
The A/D Conversion
Step A/D Conversion
A/D Conversion of parallel or flash type
Unipolar codes
Voltage/frequency Conversion
Voltage/frequency Conversion with charge balance method
Fault simulation
Voltage/frequency Conversion with slope method
Bipolar codes
Weighed resistance D/A converter
D/A converter with R Â2 network
Circuit blocks:
Voltage to frequency converter
Frequency to voltage converter
Analogue to digital converter
Digital to analogue converter.
Theoretical topics:
Regulated power supplies
Zener diode introductory information
Series voltage regulators
Voltage feedback regulators with current limiting protection
Series current regulators
Shunt voltage regulator
General characteristics of monolithic regulators
Three Âpin IC regulator operation
Shunt voltage regulator with Zener diode parallel connected to the load
Shunt voltage regulator with bipolar transistor
Fault simulation
IC regulators and DC to DC converter
DC to DC converter operating characteristics.
Theoretical topics:
Characteristics of Wien bridge Oscillators with Oscillators amplifier
Characteristics of RC-phase shift Oscillators
Characteristics of Meissner Oscillators
Characteristics of Crystal Oscillators
Characteristics of Wien bridge Oscillators with transistor
Characteristics of Colpitts Oscillators
Fault simulation
Characteristics of non-inverting crystal Oscillators.
Circuit blocks:
Low frequency Oscillators: Phase shift oscillator Wien transistor oscillator Wien OA oscillator
Astable Monostable Bistable multi vibrators
Quartz frequency Oscillators: Sinusoidal crystal oscillator CMOS non inverting crystal oscillator.
Circuit blocks:
Resistance Temperature Detector
Thermocouple
Reference voltage supply
Current transmitter
IC transducer
Capacitive sensor
Strain gauge
Heating section
Ultrasonic transducers
Instrumentation amplifier
Infrared controller.
Theoretical topics:
Measurement of the deformation through an instrumentation amplifier
Familiarization with Infrared controllers and protocols
Measurement of temperature through a thermocouple
Measurement of temperature through an IC transducer
Familiarization with Ultrasonic sensors and transducers
Measurement of temperature through a current output IC transducer
Measurement of temperature
Fault simulation
Familiarization with capacitive sensors.
Theoretical topics:
Bistable Multi vibrators
Astable Multi vibrators using the operational amplifiers
Monostable Multi vibrators
Resolution or transition time
Monostable Multi vibrators using the operational amplifiers
Schmitt trigger
Bistable Multi vibrators using the operational amplifiers
Fault simulation
Astable Multi vibrators
Schmitt trigger using the operational amplifiers.
Theoretical topics:
Ideas of logic: logic connectives and fundamental theorems of the Boolean algebra
Minimization techniques of logic functions through theorem applications and Karnaugh maps
Logic gates and truth tables
Fundamental logic operators
Binary system
Logic functions
Algebraic description of the logic networks and the truth tables
Theorems of the Boolean algebra
NOT, AND, OR logic operators
Operation of the AND and OR operators as control devices in the transfer of logic signals
Operation of the NAND and NOR operators as control devices in the transfer of logic signals and carrying out of logic functions
Canonical forms of a function
Graphic representation of functions
AND OR NOT function
NAND and NOR logic operators
Generalities and definition of flip flop
JK flip flop
T and D flip flops
SR flip flop, with NOR and NAND operators
Interfacing with the bus
Fault simulation
Fundamental logic families
Interfacing of the logic families, outputs and types of TTL circuits
The open collector gates
Characteristic parameters of the logic gates
Circuit blocks:
Open Collector
SET RESET Flip Flop
JK Flip Flop
AND NAND
OR NOR
Built in clock circuit
Manual input signal control
XOR XNOR
Data Bus Control In addition, the Circuit Board contains:
+5 V regulated supply.
Theoretical topics:
Phase inverter or buffer circuit
Inverting configuration
Non inverting configuration
Voltage follower
Darlington configuration amplifier
Differential amplifiers
Operational amplifiers
Switching amplifiers
Power amplifiers
Switching operation
Offset voltage
Slew rate
DC DC converter
Fault simulation
Single supply operational amplifiers
Converter or electronic switch.
Theoretical topics:
Uni junction transistors fundamentals
UJT waveform generation
UJT operating characteristics
Dual Gate MOSFET
MOSFET voltage amplifier
MOSFET fundamentals and modes of operation
Junction FET
The effect of gate bias on pinch-off
JFET operating characteristics
JFET amplifier dc operation
JFET amplifier ac operation
JFET dynamic characteristic curves
JFET amplifier fundamentals
JFET used as current sources
Hartley oscillator operation
Photo resistor operation
Colpitts oscillator operation
Fibre optic light transfer
Fault simulation
Transducers fundamentals
Thermistor operation.
Theoretical topics:
First Kirchoff principle
Second Kirchoff principle
Series parallel connection
Series resistances
Parallel resistances
Theorem of the effect superposition
Thevenin theorem
Elements of an Electric Networks: node, arm, mesh
Voltage dividers
Fault simulation
Norton theorem
Millman theorem.
Theoretical topic:
Conventional directions of voltages, and currents
Ohms law
DC power sources
Series/parallel resistive circuits
Power in dc circuits
Voltage/current divider circuits
Direct current meters
Fault simulation
Batteries
Circuit with linear resistance and nonlinear resistance
Linear/nonlinear variable resistor.
Theoretical topics:
Structure of the circuits
Electric resistance
Conventional sense of voltage and current
Electric current
Types of measurement and types of errors
Voltage and electromotive force
Types of instruments
Measurement of the current
Measurement of the resistance
Measurement of and voltage
Circuit with linear and non linear resistance
Identification of the value of the resistors
Relationships among current, voltage and resistance: Ohms law
Types of resistors
Conductors resistivity and temperature coefficient
Variable signals
Wheatstone Bridge
Series and parallel resistors
Fault simulation
Constant signals.
The Power Electronics Board allows the study of several power electronics circuits, as detailed here under.
Technical Features:
The following components are available of Power Electronics Board:
Pulse generator for SCR control
Generator for H Bridge control
Diodes for circuit
Three-phase generator
Single-phase source Built-in power supply
SCR for circuit
H bridge with MOSFET
Function Generator.
Theoretical Topics:
Thermal effect of the current: Joules law
Practical applications of the Joules law
The power and the electric energy
Fault simulation
Energy transfer from a supply unit to a load
Their measurement
Energy balance and efficiency
Adaptation of the load.
Circuit blocks:
Bimetallic sheet switch: thermostat
Energy balance and efficiency
Electrical power in parallel connection
Energy: Joules law
Electrical power in series connection.
Theoretical topics:
Behaviour of the diode inserted in circuits that enclose generators of variable signals
Simple half wave rectifier circuit
Double half wave rectifier circuit
Simple and double clipper circuits
Bridge rectifier circuit
Power supplies
Regulators
Fault simulation
Clamper circuits
Half wave voltage doublers
Filters.
Theoretical topics:
Linear amplification of current, voltage and power
Static and dynamic load line
Fault simulation
Intermediate stage final stage pre Âamplifiers
Amplifiers: EC, CC and BC configurations
Thermal stability of a linear amplifier
Power amplifiers in class A
Power amplifiers in class B
Power amplifiers in class C
Theoretical topics:
The effects of negative series feedback on bandwidth
The effects of shunt feedback on ac gain and on input and output impedance
The shunt-series multistage amplifier current gain and output impedance
Series-shunt multistage amplifier voltage gain and output impedance
Feedback of a multistage amplifier
The effects of series feedback on ac gain and on input and output impedance
Single-ended and differential gain characteristic
Fault simulation
Common mode gain and rejection ratio
Typical quantities and basic configurations of a feedback amplifier
Multistage shunt-series and series-shunt Feedback
Differential amplifier operation.
Theoretical topics:
Thyristor circuit fundamentals
Thyristor component familiarization
SCR half wave rectifier
The four triggering modes
Half wave and full Âwave phase control
SCR control of a half wave rectifier
Test a Silicon Controlled Rectifier
SCR control of a full wave rectifier
UJT characteristics
UJT half wave and full wave phase control
Bidirectional conduction
SCR DC operation
Gate trigger voltage and holding current.
Theoretical topics:
Soft and rigid ferromagnets
Hysteresis cycle
Magnetic quantities and relevant measurement units
Hopkinsons law
Energy of the magnetic field
Characteristics of the magnetic field
Hall's effect and Hall's potential difference
Fault simulation
Diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.
Theoretical topics:
The induction phenomenon and the Faraday Neumann's and Lenz's laws
The moving coil ammeter
Force in a wire run by current in a magnetic field
The self induction phenomenon
Lorentz's force
Direct current electric motors
Fault simulation
The relay
The static transformer
Alternators and dynamos.
Theoretical topics:
Triangle connected three phase load
Balanced three phase load
Star connected three phase load
Re phasing circuit
Resonance circuit
Unbalanced three phase load
Full wave rectifier circuit
Half wave rectifier circuit
Inductive load
Capacitive load
Six phase rectifier circuit
Fault simulation
Displacement of the centre of the star
Half bridge three phase rectifier circuit.
Universal speed control system.
Dual-channel encoder
Built-in four-quadrant amplifier
With integrated four-quadrant display
With variable centrifugal mass
Technical Features:
Main Motor/Generator 12 V, 3000 rpm, 1.2 A, 3.2 Ncm
Load to be connected to the secondary Motor/Generator
Dual optical sensor for speed and direction
Shunt to limit and measure the current
Linear H Bridge to have full motor control.
Theoretical topics:
The electric field generated by a uniformly loaded unlimited plane surface
The electric field of a double plane surface
The potential and the potential difference
Characteristics of the electric field and its measurement units
Fields of force
The field vector
Energy of the electric field in the capacitors
Fault simulation
Capacitors: composition, identification, connection
Discharge of capacitors
Charge of capacitors.
Theoretical topics:
Idea of linear amplification of current, voltage and power
Common collector configuration: circuit and behaviour
Thermal and bias stabilization of a linear amplifier
Circuits for the control of alternate current motors
Common base configuration: circuit and behaviour
Multi stage amplifiers
RC coupled amplifiers
Direct Âcoupled amplifiers
Fault simulation
Common emitter configuration: circuit and behaviour
Static and dynamic load lines
Transformer coupled amplifiers.
Theoretical topics:
Product of two sinusoidal quantities
Product of a sinusoidal quantity by a complex number
Sinusoidal alternating currents and voltages
Sum and difference of sinusoidal quantities
Oscillating circuits: frequency response of the ac circuits
Low pass filter, high pass filter, pass band filter
Fault simulation
Vector and symbolic representation of the sinusoidal electric quantities
Product of a sinusoidal quantity by a constant.
Power supplies:
0/ 15 Vdc, 1 A
0/+15 Vdc, 1 A
5 Vdc, 1 A
+15 Vdc, 1 A
+5 Vdc, 1 A
15 Vdc, 1 A
6, 0 ,6 Vac, 1 A
Features:
Voltage regulation and protection against over voltage or short circuit.
Complete with a set of connecting cables.
Interface board for connection to PC.
Robust structure and modern design.
Power supplies:
0/15 Vdc, 1 A
0/+15 Vdc, 1 A
15 Vdc, 1 A
5 Vdc, 1 A
606 Vac, 1 A
+15 Vdc, 1 A
+5 Vdc, 1 A
Features:
Interface.
The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug-in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. This board includes a small oven with a heating element and three temperature sensors (thermocouple, thermistor, and thermo-resistance) with relevant interface circuits. Complete with error amplifier that can be configured for on-off or proportional control, and with a piloting circuit of the power stage with triac.
Power supply: 24Vac, 1A, 50/60Hz and 15Vdc, 100mA
Experiments:
Analysis of the operation of a proportional control
Analysis of the operation of an on-off control
V = f (t°) characteristics of a thermocouple, with relevant linearization, of the thermistor and of the thermo - resistance.
The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug-in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual.
Together with the board, that contains the power circuits complete with relevant piloting, it is possible to realize an open and closed loop control both of the lighting system (24V, 15W lamp and photoresistor) and of the heating system (47, 25W heating element and integrated circuit sensor).
This board contains two independent systems, for the control of the light and of the temperature respectively, each one complete with reference block, error amplifier, transducer and actuator.
Power supply: 15Vdc, 100mA
Experiments:
Full-wave triac control
Proportional control
AC operated lamp
DC operated lamp.
This board allows the study of several digital circuits.
Technical features:
4 bit comparator
4 D flip flops
2 adders (4 bit), with input and output carry
4 JK flip flops, can also be used as RS flip flops
ALU, for conducting 16 arithmetic and 16 logical computing operations with 4 bit dual numbers
Shift register (4 bit), parallel and serial operation possible, bi directional
Demultiplexer, 4 channels
Multiplexer, 4 channels
Units complements for negating a 4bit binary number
Antivalence and equivalence gates
2 Schmitt triggers, inverting
Binary counter (4 bit), up/down counter
AD/DA converter 8 bit
EEPROM
Auxiliary section on board:
8 logic probes with led for high and low level
2 seven segment led displays with BCD decoder
2 inverters
8 switches with led to generate logic level.
It supplies the power necessary for the operation of the boards of digital electronics.
Technical Features:
1 CLK2 pulse generator, 5V amplitude, variable frequency from 1Hz to 1 kHz, rise edge synchronized with CLK1
8 logic variable (true and false) generators
3 stabilized and protected dc outputs
+12V/500mA, +5V/2A, 5.2V/500mA
1 CLK1 square wave generator, 5V amplitude, variable frequency from 1Hz to 1 kHz
9 LED for visualization of the logic states
Power supply: single phase from mains
Power Supply
Designed for electronics laboratories. Its main purpose is to realize a power supply source with high safety features and remarkable electric performance.
Output voltages of Power Supply for Digital Electronics
2 ac power supplies: 0250V/1A and 025V/2A isolated from the mains
Series of sockets: 220 V, 10/16A
2 independent stabilized supplies: 030V, 02 A, complete with digital instrument for voltage and current. Possibility of tracking.
Fixed dual supply: 24V/1A
Fixed dual supply: 5V/1A
Fixed dual supply: 12V/1Av.
This board allows the study of the following subjects:
MSI circuits in TTL logic, shift registers, synchronous and asynchronous counters, astable and monostable multivibrators, seven segment displays.
The board is composed of:
4 JK/MS flip flop
2 D flip flop
A binary 4 bit synchronous counter
A Shift register, 8 bit SI SO
A BCD asynchronous counter
A BCD synchronous counter
2 BCD rotating switches
8 capacitors
2 BCD 7 segment decoders
2 7 segment displays
2 linear potentiometers
A binary 4 bit asynchronous counter
2 Monostable multivibrators.
This board allows the study of the following subjects:
Laws and principles for the assembling of interface circuits among the families
Electrical characteristics of the integrated circuits of the various logic families: ECL, CMOS, HCT
Programmable shift registers
Bidirectional transmission gates
Logic gates
Multiplexed counters
Level translators.
The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug-in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual.
Together with the board, that contains the power circuits complete with relevant piloting, it is possible to realize an open and closed loop control both of the position system (geared motor coupled to a potentiometer) and of the speed system (variable load generator dc motor with optical transducer associated to an F/V converter).
This board contains two independent systems, for the control of the position and of the speed respectively, error amplifier, each one complete with reference block, transducer and actuator.
Power supply: ± 15Vdc, 100mA
This board allows the study of RAM memories and circuits using RAMs for storing logic information and for data transfer to a BUS.
The board is composed of:
Coder for hexadecimal keypad
8 bit analogue to digital converter
8 bit digital to analogue converter
4 + 4 buffers with three state output
4 to 10 line decoder
8 bit latch register (type D)
Hexadecimal keypad
RAM 1024 x 4
Multiturn potentiometer for generating voltages between 0 and 10V.
The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug-in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. While the first two sections are used to highlight the operating principle of two different D/A converters, the third one is used to analyse the operating modes and the characteristics of the converters that are commercially available.
This board allows the study of the operating principle and of the main characteristics of a digital-to-analogue converter. The board is composed of 3 independent sections:
A discrete components D/A converter in a R-2R network
A weighed resistances discrete components D/A converter
A monolithic 11 bit D/A converter.
Power supply: ± 15 Vdc, 200 mA and + 5Vdc, 200mA.
It allows the students performing study and experimentation concerning the driving of a step motor, unipolar or bipolar. The rotation can be performed with increments of a single step or with continuity, at a variable speed. This board is designed to provide a valid support for the study of the operation and of the application criteria of these important electro mechanical components. Position and direction are indicated by a disk. An LCD display allows showing the number of steps, the number of turns, the rpm, the rotation direction and the selected parameters of the controller.
Experiments:
Study of an incremental position encoder
Variable speed rotation control
Inversion of the rotation direction
Analysis of the control criteria and of the power modules
Full step or half step
Analysis of the operation of a step motor.
This board allows the study of the following circuits:
Furthermore, the board includes interface circuits and a connector to allow for direct and easy interfacing to systems, devices and circuits prepared by the students. Counters, frequency dividers, cyclic programmable timers, data transfer between two shift registers.
The board is composed of:
8 to 1 line multiplexer
1 to 8 line demultiplexer
NOT with open collector output (4 off )
Optoisolators (4 off )
4 bit comparators (2 off )
4 bit shift registers (2 off )
4 bit BCD counters (2 off )
A 22 pole connector, step 3.96 mm.
Combinatory Logic allows the study of the following combinatory circuits:
Adders, subtractors, multipliers, code converters, multiplexers and demultiplexers. The board is composed of:
4 OR (2 input)
2 OR (3 input)
1 OR (4 input)
4 AND (2input)
4 NAND (4 input)
2 NAND TRIGGER (4 input)
4 NOR (2 input)
4 EX OR (2 input)
12 silicon diodes
8 resistances
6 inverters
2 NOR (4 input)
3 AND (3 input)
1 dual in line 16 pin socket
12 NAND (2 input)v
2 AOI (2 and 3 input)
Power supply: 5Vdc, 3W.
This board is basically structured in two sections:
A hysteresis non linear simulation, dead band and threshold it includes a digital voltmeter. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual.
A linear process simulation, with two summing amplifiers, three blocks with proportional, integral, derivative transfer functions, offset and drift generators.
Power supply: ± 15Vdc, 300mA
This board is an option to the board since it uses its oven, the heating element and the temperature transducers. This board includes two reference signal generators, a comparison node and the three terms network (proportional, integral and derivative). The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug-in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. Complete with digital temperature indicator 100mV/°C.
Power supply: ± 15Vdc, 100mA and +5Vdc, 150mA
The board is divided in 2 sections: in the first one a discrete component realization is provided of a ramp A/D counter converter, while in the second section there is a monolithic converter. The first section is used to highlight the operating principle of an A/D converter, while the second one is mainly used to analyse the operating modes and the characteristics of the converters that are commercially available. This board allows the study of the operating principle and of the main characteristics of analogue-to-digital converters. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug-in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual.
Power supply: ± 15 Vdc, 100 mA and + 5Vdc, 200mA
The module gives the direct power supplies that are necessary for the operation of the experiment boards.
Output Voltages:
± 5 Vdc, 1 A
± 15 Vdc, 1 A.
It allows the autonomous study of the thyristors in the main single phase bridge circuit configuration (semiand totally controlled) and in the ac/ac converters as well as the study of the triac in the control of the alternating voltage and in the controlled rectifi cation.
Furthermore, there is a potentio meter for the manual control of the devices activation. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug Âin cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual.
The power section includes: 4 thyristors, 1 triac, 4 diodes, 1 fly wheel diode and 1 ohmic inductive load. The control section allows the realization of: proportional control, on off control or phase control, both on the positive and negative semi wave.
Power supply: 24Vac, 1A, 50/60Hz
The board affords the problems associated to the use of the transistors in the three basic configurations: CE (Common Emitter), CC (Common Collector) and CB (Common Base). The board allows a first approach to the theoretical practical study of the static and dynamic operation of the BJT (Base emitter Junction Transistor), used as a voltage amplifier. Firstly, the bias and the working point stabilization problems are considered. Then, the typical features of the three configurations are analyzed: input resistance, output resistance, voltage gain and current gain. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. In the second section of the board typical applications are studied, such as the bootstrap effect bias and the Darlington connection.
....
To satisfy these requirements, quartz oscillators are normally used. The carrying out of both sinusoidal oscillators and square Âwave oscillators is of significant interest. The need of accurate value, time stable and temperature Âstable oscillators can be seen in a wide range of applications: instrumentation and military, industrial and consumer equipment. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual.
Power supply: + 15 Vdc and + 5 Vdc, 100 mA
Single stage and multistage amplifiers are used, the latter in direct coupling. The board is supplied complete with a set of stack able, plug Âin cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. The different feedback configurations are theoretically analyzed and experimentally checked: series voltage, parallel voltage, series current, parallel current. The board is designed to afford the problems connected to the introduction of negative feedback into an amplifier, and to its influence on the different parameters: amplification, bandwidth, input and output resistances, noise. Power supply: + 15 Vdc, 750 mA
....
The board is divided into three main sections. The first section deals with bistable multi vibrators in fixed bias and self biased configurations. The board is designed to study and experimentally check the most popular configurations of Transistor Multi vibrators circuits. The second section affords the study of monostable multi vibrators with fixed bias and self bias and the relevant controls. The third section is dedicated to the astable multi vibrators. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug Âin cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. The various set, reset and trigger controls are analyzed. Power supply: ± 15 Vdc, 100 mA
....
The board is designed to analyze important circuits for analogue signal processing which are widely used in process controls. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. In particular, it is possible to analyze circuits for signal acquisition as sample holds or peak detectors and circuits for signal processing like differentiators and integrators.
Power supply: ± 15 Vdc, 750 mA
The board is designed to study the operating principle of voltage comparators and to perform experimental checking of the most popular and important circuits realized with these components. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. The outputs of the comparators are provided with LED to show their electrical state. Power supply: ± 15 Vdc, 750 mA
The board is divided into four sections for the study of, respectively:
hysteresis comparator
zero crossing detector
window comparator
amplitude level classifier.
Schmitt Trigger is a flexible and widely used integrated circuit. Schmitt Trigger is used to generate delays, pulse trains and adjustable duty cycle square waves. The board allows to analyze the operation of Schmitt Trigger and integrated circuit. Schmitt Trigger is composed of two sections. The first section allows the study and the experimental checking of the Schmitt trigger. The board allows to analyze the block diagram and to experimentally check the most widespread applications. Also two typical applications of this circuit are analyzed: threshold detector and clipper. The second section is dedicated to the study of the integrated circuit. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug in suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual. Power supply: + 15 Vdc, 50 mA.
....
The board is divided in five sections, and in each one there are more than one filter of the same kind. The board allows the study and the functional check on active filters carried out with operational amplifiers. The board is supplied complete with a set of stackable, plug in cables of suitable lengths and colours and with a training manual.
Power supply: ± 15 Vdc, 750 mA
It is possible to study, respectively:
High pass filter VCVS of the first and second order
Low pass filter VCVS of the first and second order
Universal filter of variable state type
Multiple feedback band pass filter
Dual T band stop filters.
