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Lab Working Bench Frame
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A self-contained product that shows how a self-acting gas lubricated journal bearing works. It also shows the onset of whirl. A hand operated load control and load cell allow the user to apply and measure the load on the bearing bush. The bush has pressure tappings equally spaced around its circumference.
The shaft has a high-quality surface finish and spins inside a vertically loaded bush. The main part has a variable speed motor that turns a belt drive. The belt drive turns a precision bearing shaft. The tappings connect to a multi channel digital pressure display unit.
Experiments:
Demonstrate how bearing speed and therefore compressibility number affects the pressure distribution in the bearing, and how this compares with theory.
Demonstrate how a vertical load affects the pressure distribution around an air-lubricated journal bearing.
Demonstrate the onset of whirl.
This product is part of a range that explores freevibrations in simple one degree of freedom systems.
This product includes a rotating disc or rotor at the end of aslender rod. You can compare this with the mass-spring system, except itreplaces mass with the rotors mass moment of inertia and the spring with thetwisting of the rod. A back panel fixes to the Test Frame. The panel holds twovertical runners. This product fits to the sturdy Test Frame for study ordemonstration. A bushing ensures the rotation remains along the axis of therod, and supports the rotor during setup. The runners hold a chuck that securely grips a specimen rodat any position along its length. The bottom of the rod fixes to a rotor thatis free to rotate.
Free Vibrations Of A Beam And Spring is part of a range that explores free vibrations in simple one degree of freedom systems.
It introduces students to key scientific terms such as:
Simple harmonic motion and frequency of oscillation
Spring constant and Hookes Law
Phase difference between displacement and its derivatives
Moment of inertia
Oscillation damping.
Free Vibrations Of A Beam And Spring fits to the sturdy Test Frame for study or demonstration.
This common system appears in machines and vehicle suspensions. You can compare this with the mass-spring system, except the mass moment inertia of the beam replaces the simple mass. This product includes a beam pivoted at one end, with the other end suspended by a coiled spring.
This product includes a rod and a circular plate to show the principles and use of simple harmonic motion theory in bifilar and trifilar pendulums. Filar Pendulums fits to the sturdy Test Frame for study or demonstration. Two suspension plates fix to the top of the Test Frame to hold the bifilar and trifilar pendulums
This product is part of a range that explores free vibrations in simple one degree of freedom systems.
It introduces students to key scientific terms such as:
Radius of gyration
Parallel axis theorem
Axis of rotation
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and period of oscillation
Mass moment of inertia.
Features:
Supplied with lecturer guide and student guide
Union directives
Free Vibrations Of A Mass Spring System fits to the sturdy Test Frame for study or demonstration. A back panel fixes to the Test Frame. The panel holds two vertical guide rods and a non-contacting displacement sensor. A test spring suspends a balanced mass platform which vibrates vertically in the guide rods. Therefore, students can easily make the link to simple harmonic motion - defined as the oscillatory motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement. The mass-spring system is one of the most easily explainable oscillatory systems. This is because students may already be familiar with Hookes Law, showing the force exerted by a spring is proportional to the extension.
Free Vibrations Of A Mass Spring System is part of a range that explores free vibrations in simple one degree of freedom systems.
It introduces students to key scientific terms such as:
Spring constant and Hookes Law
Oscillation damping
Simple harmonic motion and frequency of oscillation
Phase difference between displacement and its derivatives.
Centre Of Percussion includes a metal pendulum to provide the percussion force and a wooden pendulum to absorb the impact. The wooden pendulum forms a suspended mass, similar to a bat held underhand. Centre Of Percussion fits to the sturdy Test Frame for study or demonstration. It is the impact position which allows no reaction in the hand of the user, which would otherwise create uncomfortable shocks in their arm and wrist. A centre of percussion may also be termed the sweet spot of the impact of a ball against a bat or racquet.
This product is part of a range that explores free vibrations in simple one degree of freedom systems. It introduces students to key scientific terms such as:
Centre of gravity
Centre of percussion and the sweet spot
Simple harmonic motion and period of oscillation
Impact reactions
Radius of gyration.
Experiments:
Demonstration of centre of percussion of a compound pendulum
Centre of gravity, period of oscillation and radius of gyration of a compound pendulum
The vibrating cantilever examines what happen the spring element is not light. Additionally, it examines a beam as a complete self-contained system, forming the mass and the spring. Free Vibrations Of A Cantilever fits to the sturdy Test Frame for study or demonstration. However, in mass spring system, we normally assume a light spring compared to the mass. The vibrating cantilever forms a simple and highly visual example of oscillations that may occur in real structures such as aircraft wings. A beam with the mass at the end works in a similar way to a mass spring system - the stiffness of the beam simply replaces the stiffness of the spring.
Free Vibrations Of A Cantilever is part of a range that explores free vibrations in simple one degree of freedom systems.
It introduces students to key scientific terms such as:
Phase difference between displacement and its derivatives
Beam stiffness
Second moment of area
Simple harmonic motion and frequency of oscillation.
Experiments:
Using a simple pendulum to find the acceleration due to gravity.
Centre of gravity and period of a compound pendulum.
Using a Katers pendulum to find the acceleration due to gravity
Cord length and period of a simple pendulum.
Mass and period of a simple pendulum.
How an adjustable mass affects the period of a compound pendulum.
Operating Conditions
Operating temperature range: +5C to +40C
Operating relative humidity range: 80% at temperatures < 31C decreasing linearly to 50% at 40C
Operating environment: Laboratory environment
Storage temperature range: 25C to +55C (when packed for transport).
Experiments:
Using Rayleighs approximation to predict vibration frequenc
Frequency of oscillation and varying mass
Free and forced vibrations of a rigid beam and spring
Free and forced vibrations of a flexible pinnedpinned simply supported) beam
Phase relationship between the applied force and beam position for different damping values
Demonstration of a 2 degree of freedom (2DOF) system
Finding the beam only frequency using Dunkerleys Method
Demonstration of an undamped vibration absorber
Phase difference between displacement, its derivatives and measured acceleration
Damped free and forced oscillations and damping coefficient.
Operating Conditions:
Operating environment: Laboratory environment
Operating temperature range: +5C to +40C
Operating relative humidity range: 80% at temperatures < 31C decreasing linearly to 50% at 40C
Storage temperature range: 25C to +55C (when packed for transport)
The sturdy construction is necessary for accurate results in vibration experiments, but this also gives the frame a long service life. Despite its sturdy construction, the frame is light enough for two people to move it around the classroom easily. The Test Frame has two extruded alloy horizontal members each with slotted fixing points to all four sides. The two triangular sides each have adjustable levelling feet. As table, level Test Frame is essential in vibration experiments to give repeatable and accurate results. Include a storage tray and lid with the Test Frame. For use with Free Vibrations Experiments, the Test Frame fits on any standard desk or bench top. Students, teachers or lecturers fit the parts of their free vibrations experiments to the Test Frame to study or demonstrate a free vibrations topic. The Test Frame also includes a hexagon tool and a spirit level for easy assembly and levelling. This is useful to store tools and smaller parts of your optional experiments, helping prevent accidental loss or damage.
Standard Features:
Supplied with comprehensive user guide
The dynamic tests run the input of the different drive units at a given speed using a motor, while measuring the input power. At the same time, a dynamometer loads the output of the drive unit while measuring the output power. A bench-mounting base unit forms the main part of this set of products. Supplied with a three-shaft gear drive unit as standard, the base unit dynamically tests the gear drive and the other optional drive units. Includes simple tools needed to fit the drive units to the base unit, and to adjust the compound gear drive. In the base units upper level, the student fits their choice of drive unit. Students use the measurements to find the performance and efficiency of the drive unit. Students may set the gear unit (supplied) as a simple or compound drive by sliding a gear in or out of mesh on the third shaft. A variable-speed, low-voltage motor provides the shaft input turning force (effort) to the drive. A dynamometer provides the output braking force (load) to the drive. Fans provide air cooling for both the motor and dynamometer. Flexible couplings with collets connect the drive unit to the motor and dynamometer for quick and accurate alignment. The dynamometer uses electromagnetic braking and a hysteresis effect to provide a variable load at a constant torque irrespective of the speed. Sensors on the motor and dynamometer measure their shaft speed, torque and therefore power in and out at the drive.
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The Machinary Diagnostic System permits vibration measurement exercises whereby readings can be taken from different points on the apparatus and at different motor speeds. The Machinary Diagnostic System can be used to simulate certain types of damage and investigate its effects on the vibration spectrum. Balancing of rigid rotors and alignment of shafts can also be practiced. Users can also complete exercises from purposefully induced faults (measurement of vibration displacement, velocity and acceleration in the time/frequency range).
A speed controller and tachometer display are supplied to allow the accurate controlling and displaying of the speed of the motor. The base frame, with integral grooves allows the elements of the apparatus to be moved and adjusted into position accurately. The Machinary Diagnostic System allows the quick and easy mounting of the key component parts. The key components of the base unit are the mechanical elements (i.e. motor, bearing blocks and shaft with rotors).
Experimental Capabilities:
Transducers and measuring devices
Fundamentals of measurement of shaft and bearing vibrations
Introduction to vibration measurement methods on rotating Machinery Systems.
Fundamentals of vibration measurement methods.
The profile has extruded grooves along its length which enable the support of a wide variety of fixings and fastenings. A large, thick aluminium base plate supports a Vertical Stand Apparatus post at its centre, which itself is manufactured from extruded aluminium profile. These cross members are independently moved to suit the wall brackets of the apparatus. Three horizontal cross bars are supplied, which allow the secure fixing of wall mounted experiments from the range of products.
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A single shaft runs through the brake disc and the wall bracket supports. A cord pulley mounts to the shaft onto which is mounted a cord terminating in a load hanger. A Disc Brake Apparatus is mounted into a sturdy frame which must be mounted vertically. The rotational angle of movement of the disc wheel can be viewed using the external protractor.
All load hangers, and calibrated weights are supplied with the Disc Brake Apparatus. Two bell crank levers are mounted either side of the Disc Brake Apparatus. Through the load hanger and calibrated weights the leverage load is applied to the brake disc and the parameters of braking force, braking torque, normal force can be assessed.
Experimental Capabilities:
Material suitability testing
Friction
Normal forces
Braking torque
Effective radius of the brake pads.
The Gear Efficiency Apparatus has a gearbox which incorporates both spur and worm gears for which the setups can be easily switched between. The input and output power of the Gear Efficiency Apparatus is calculated for determining the Gear Efficiency of two different gear configurations. Sensors for speed and force are located on the motor module (input) and the brake module (output). The motor speed input can be controlled as well as a breaking force or load applied to the output shaft via a braking module.
By comparing the actual input and output readings to that of the calculated output values we can affectively work out the losses in the system and the efficiency of the respective gear configurations. By taking the input and output force (N) readings we can then calculate the torque (Nm) in the shafts as well as go on to calculate the power (Nm/s).
Experimental Capabilities:
Measurement of mechanical efficiency of gears
Familiarity of industrial gearboxes and their uses and application benefits.
Braking and friction
Gear ratios and theory
Comparison of input and output power
Efficiencies of spur and worm gear configurations
Torque measurement
Motor performance under loading.
Gearbox Apparatus can be slid across each other by the use of a lever with ball knob and the whole gearbox can be rotated using the rotating handle attached on the side of the input pulley. The gears are industry standard gears finished in high quality and mesh together in different ratios within the frame. A study wall mounted frame houses all the gears, shafts, bearings and levers contained within this apparatus. All gears run on shafts fitted into bearings and the changing mechanism ensures smooth transition. A 'H' style change with gear change lever and knob allows the use of the different gears within the system.
Protractors on the input and output shaft pulleys are fitted. A set of masses and hangers is supplied to allow the shafts to be driven. The input and output pulleys allow loads to be applied for lifting and lowering. This unit is hand operated. A set of clear, transparent guards are fitted so that safety is maintained and clear visibility is ensured.
Experimental Capabilities:
Measure of the angular displacement at the input and output of the gear box and comparison with the calculated values
Enables velocity and torque ratios to be determined.
Calculation of the efficiency for different ratios according to the torque at entry
Static And Dynamic Balancing Vibration integral linear scale ensures accurate linear position of each mass, whilst an integral angular scale ensures accurate angular position of each mass. A bench mounted enclosure contains all the electronics and safety guard for Static And Dynamic Balancing Vibration apparatus. A set of 12 balance masses are provided of varying mass, and each one has a thin alignment slot produced. A top the enclosure lid is a shaft running in bearings. The shaft can carry upto four balance masses (non-coplanar). Each mass can be easily adjusted for imbalance by its radius, linear and angular position.
Experimental Capabilities:
Comparison between theoretical and actual results
Use of vector diagrams, vector resolution, resultant forces, moment polygons, turning moments
Method of achieving balanced system
Imbalance of rotating masses and the affect on surrounding components
Static balancing of non-coplanar masses
Dynamic balancing of non-coplanar masses
Angular and linear adjustment of balance masses.
The Cam Analysis consists of 3 interchangeable cams and 2 different cam followers. The cams are rotated using a electronically controlled motor and pulley gear arrangement. A large inertia mass is connected between the motor and cam to ensure consistent running at various speeds. Bench top apparatus to demonstrate the dynamic investigation of cam mechanisms, as used in motors for actuation of the valves.
On top of the shaft can be attached a number of removable masses which allow the valve mass to be changed. The follower attaches to a vertically moving shaft which simulates the valve itself.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determination of the limiting speed and its comparison with the theoretical value
Comparison of the various cam designs
Elevation curve for a bouncing pick-up
Relationship between cam and spring force
Elevation curves supplied by unsuitable pick-ups.
The floating motor is free to rotate and with a moment arm, rests against a load cell. Attached to the motor shaft is a coupling. The engineering drawing for the coupling mating half is supplied for the customer to produce.
Universal Drive Module Apparatus consists of a sturdy cradle, with bearings at either end. The motor is speed controlled using the control box supplied. The signal from the load cell is also fed directly into the control box. The torque being applied to the attached apparatus can be calculated using these parameters. The front panel of the control box has the speed control potentiometer, tachometer display for motor speed and the force display for the load cell signal. Suspended between the bearings is a motor, which gives drive to a variety of customer designed apparatus.
Experimental Capabilities:
Calculations involving torque, moment, speed and power
Introduction to drive system.
Oscillating Cylinder Apparatus at the other end of the crankshaft is a slider that runs in a swivelling housing. A linear scale mounted to this housing ensures accurate readings of the piston displacement. On the left of the base is a large rotating protractor scale 'Crank' that rotates on a shaft and bearing arrangement. The increments on the protractor match with a indicator that ensure accurate reading of the angular movement of the scale. Oscillating Cylinder Apparatus a comprehensive instruction manual for lecturer and student, giving full details on apparatus assembly and operation as well as example results. Oscillating Cylinder Apparatus comprises a sturdy base plate, which can be mounted vertically for demonstration purposes or flat for experimental use. Integral to this protractor are varying radius positions used for locating the crankshaft. An input disc can houses a crank pin, which can be fixed at various radii across the input disc face.
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The apparatus shows precisely how Castor Camber King Pin Inclination are set up and how centre point steering is achieved. A wheel and means of altering the offset are included so that everything affecting centre point steering can be varied.
A hand driven rotating turntable simulates a rolling road, and may be turned at a slow enough speed to study wheel stability under running conditions.
Students often experience difficulty in understanding the principles of front wheel set-up on road vehicles, since the geometry involves angles in three dimensions. Vernier scales measure the Castor Angles And King Pin Inclination, while toe in and camber angles are measured from a longitudinal and vertical datum in the way in which they would be determined on a real vehicle.
Experimental Capabilities:
To demonstrate the effect of wheel offset
To observe the dynamic stability of the wheel under running conditions
To show how castor, camber and king pin inclination are set up
To show how the steering linkage is related to toe-in.
Wrapped around the circumference of each step of the shaft is cord. At the ends of each cord is a single adjustable bob. The stepped shaft is secured to a main shaft, which itself is secured within a bracket. The bracket can be bench or wall mounted. Alternatively the starting position of each bob can be made different. The adjustment of the bobs can be made to ensure that the starting positions of each bob is the same even though the steps are different diameters.
Experimental Capabilities:
Compare actual results with theory
To find the relationship between angular rotation and the peripheral movement of the stepped shaft.
A bench top frame of profiled aluminium, houses shafts which can be moved within the grooves of the profile. Understanding the basics of gear trains is important. Gear Train Demonstrator ensures this is done in a simple, visual and durable way. The profile grooves ensure the quick and easy release and securing of the shaft and hence component parts. The Gear Train Demonstrator are manufactured from durable plastic and all other components are industrial standard parts. Onto the shafts sis bearings and the gear components themselves. Rotation of the gear arrangements is done manually. The pitch circle diameters of the gears are visually shown also.
Experimental Capabilities:
Variation of operation between different transmissions
Efficiency of different transmission types
Accuracy of setting up of different gears
Gear ratios
Input and output ratios
Modulus of gears.
Winch Apparatus pulley has a high strength cord wrapped around its periphery and terminates in a load hanger. The substantial wall bracket is to be mounted to a sturdy vertical support. A horizontal shaft running through the heart of the unit has an 'EFFORT' pulley attached to its end. This industrial Winch Apparatus has been adapted for experimental work.
The winch has a maximum working load of 300 kg and is equipped with a safety pawl and ratchet.
The student applies a set of calibrated weights to the 'LOAD' hanger and adds appropriate calibrated weights to the 'EFFORT' hanger to raise 'LOAD'.
This cord again terminates with a load hanger. Winch Apparatus cord and hanger is termed the 'LOAD'. At the centre of the winch is a drum that also has a high strength cord wrapped around its periphery.
Experimental Capabilities:
To study the behaviour of a real Winch, especially noting the characteristics of the machine with increasing load
To determine the efficiency of the Winch
To examine the safety features of the Winch
To estimate the velocity ratio.
A mark on the Simple Flywheel Apparatus and a pointer on the bracket enables the revolutions to be counted and timed with the stop watch supplied. From the timings of a known number of revolutions, students can then verify the expeirmental capabilities of the apparatus. A steel disc Ø250mm diameter and 30mm thick is mounted on a shaft running in precision bearings housed in a substantial wall bracket. A cord, load hanger and set of weights are provided to start the flywheel rotating.
Experimental Capabilities:
To compare experimental and calculated moments of inertia of a disc
To study the energy transformations and to demonstrate that a flywheel can be used to store energy
To verify the second law of motion applied to a flywheel, ie the relationship between torque and angular acceleration
The three Spur Gear Lifting Machine supplied include a driver having 40 teeth, a driven wheel with 120 teeth and an intermediate gear of 40/120 teeth compound. The pulleys mounted to some of the gears can be used for either single or double purchase experiments. A vertical stand incorporates a back plate which carries a number of spur gears on shafts to enable single, double or three stage gear trains to be assembled.
The driver and driven wheels have integral pulleys around which cords are wrapped to act as 'EFFORT' and 'LOAD'. The lifting machine can be set-up as a two gear or three gear train. Cords, hangers and a set of weights are included to provide drive to the gear trains and to determine ratios, mechanical advantage and efficiency.
The Gear Tooth Form Apparatus also explains the form of an involute curve and how this is used to create a gear tooth profile. To help describe what an involute curve is, paper can be placed into the apparatus and an involute curve drawn. Gear Tooth Form Apparatus a bench top base plate contains all elements for this experiment. Three gears are located onto the base plate. A third gear is removable to allow students to review its tooth form, pitch circle diameter (PCD) and other key geometry of a tooth form. A large gear and small gear mesh together and can be rotated to produce analysis of ratios.
A set of vernier calipers is provided to allow the removable gear to be measured to help give a practival analysis of the Gear Tooth Form Apparatus.
Experimental Capabilities:
Explanation of Gear Ratios
Explanation of Gear Modules
Explanation of Gear Form
Explanation of Gear Trains and Rotational Direction
Experimental determination of shape and construction of an involute curve.
The angular position of the cam is shown on a protractor and a pointer, this assembly allows the cams position through rotation to be recorded. A vertical pillar contains the main spindle for each Cam Analysis Apparatus to be rotated, whilst a dial gauge has its anvil resting on the top edge of the cam. The rise and fall displacement of the Cam Analysis Apparatus, as it rotates through 360°, is measured using a dial gauge. Cams and followers are easily changed and graphs for the variety of cams can be created to compare the linear change with the rise and fall of the follower. Each cam is mounted on a central shaft and is free to rotate about this shaft. The cams are rotated by hand.
Experimental Capabilities:
To derive the velocity and acceleration diagrams, and determine the maximum acceleration of the follower
To compare experimental and calculated results
To determine a graph of follower displacement against angular rotation of the cam
To assess the effect of different cams and followers.
Wheel and Axle Apparatus Using the hangers and weights allows the experimental determination of velocity ratio and comparison with calculated values. The dual diameter wheel has an axle supported on simple pivots in a sturdy wall mounting bracket. A load hanger is added to each cord allowing loading of the wheels using the calibrated weights set provided. Students can also determine the variation of effort with load and the variation of efficiency with load. Each wheel has a cord wrapped around its periphery. The cords can be wrapped in either direction around each wheel.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determination of variation with load of effort
Determination of variation with load of efficiency
Experimental determination of velocity ratio and comparison with calculated value.
-lab-828036244.jpg "Worm and Wheel Apparatus (30 : 1 ratio)")
The Worm and Wheel Apparatus pair has a single start and a ratio of 30:1. The Worm and Wheel Apparatus are positioned a set distance apart to mesh correctly. Both parts run in bearings with the worm operating with an additional thrust bearing. Worm and Wheel Apparatus high quality example of an industry standard worm and wheel pairing is built on a substantial wall mounted bracket for vertical mounting.
Attached to the end of the Worm and Wheel Apparatus is a pulley (EFFORT) of known effective diameter. This pulley is used for the loading of the system. Again a cord is wrapped around its periphery and terminates in a load hanger. This hanger helps exert the loading onto the system via the weights set provided. This pulley helps exert the effort to raise a load. A cord is wrapped around its periphery and terminates in a load hanger for applying effort load. Attached to the front of the wheel is another pulley (LOAD) of known effective diameter.
Experimental Capabilities:
Determination of EFFORT with variation of load
Determination of limiting efficiency of the machine
Determination of friction with variation of load
Experimental determination of velocity ratio and comparison with calculated value
Determination of efficiency with variation of load.
Features:
Variable speed motor mounted in a dual axis bearing.
Separate hand-held optical tachometer.
Adjustable masses to produce balance, and positive and negative torque position
Includes spreadsheet discs files for data analysis
Removable gyroscope for demonstration of nutation effects.
Experimental Capability:
Investigates behaviour of a suspended gyroscope
Demonstrates relationships between gyro speed and torque, precession and nutation
Experiments on fundamentals of gyroscopic motion.
The circular disc and axle are mounted with the axle vertical between pivots, one on the base and one on a radial brace from a vertical pillar. The apparatus consists essentially of a low inertia circular disc mounted onto a vertical axle that can be rotated under the action of a falling mass. The upper surface of the circular disc is scribed with circles of 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm and 250 mm diameter and two holes are provided on each circle as sites to locate additional inertia discs. The low inertia circular disc, which is 300 mm diameter and 50.8 mm thick, is manufactured from plywood and is keyed to a 12 mm diameter by 305 mm long stainless steel axle. A 50 mm diameter pulley is attached to the axle.
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The vibrating mass, constrained by an externally pressurised air bearing system, has an undamped natural frequency of about 1Hz and maximum amplitude of about 20 mm so that the motion of the mass can be readily observed and recorded directly on the pen recorder (Teledeltos paper) system incorporated in the apparatus. The apparatus enables a number of experiments to be carried out on the free and forced vibration of a single degree-of-freedom system with viscous damping. Both steady state and transient conditions can be investigated. The uncontrolled damping of the vibrating mass is very small (equivalent to a damping ratio of 0.003) and the viscous damping generated by the eddy current system is continuously variable up to a damping ratio of about 1.5.
Experimental Capabilities:
The effect of viscous damping on free vibration and the determination of the damping ratio
Experimental on the variation of undamped natural frequency with vibrating mass
The response of the vibrating mass to forcing, illustrating the decay of the transient vibration and the establishment of the steady state vibration
Forced vibrations excited by rotating out-of-balance forces
Forced vibrations excited by oscillating the support.
Experimental Capability:
Whirling of a shaft with concentrated masses
Whirling of a continuous shaft
Whirling of a long thin shaft supported at its ends.
Whirling of a shaft with intermediate nodes
Features:
Precision electronic tachometer
Three steel specimen shafts
Four variable position bearing housings provide nodal points
Infinitely variable control shaft speed
Three guard rings to limit whirling deflection.
The apparatus consists of a sturdy tubular steel frame on which is carried a counter shaft mounted in ball bearings having an overhung mandrel at the front. The Journal Friction Apparatus is the basic item in the Hydrodynamic Lubrication Unit which enables the friction in a journal bearing to be measured under various conditions of load and speed, including boundary lubrication conditions, and the comparison of the results with the friction torque predicted by the Petroff equation. The bearing system, which is to be the subject of the investigation, is assembled around the mandrel. The shaft is driven by a variable speed DC motor via a toothed belt and pulleys.
Features:
Uses automotive thin wall main bearing shells of various widths.
Variable speeds up to 1000 rev/min.
Horizontal 50 mm shaft and journal bearing;.
Three alternative shaft sleeves provide variable bearing clearance.
Air cylinder driven reciprocating oil pump and accumulator.
High quality oil filtration and pressure regulation.
Indication of oil film thickness and detection of metal to metal contact based on electrical resistance between journal and housing.
Radial loading of the bearing of up to 500N is applied vertically by weights via an hydrostatic pad.
Direct measurement of bearing friction torque.
Instrumented for oil pressure and temperature, and drive motor current.
The apparatus consists of a turntable carrying two pairs of masses mounted on radius rods and linkage so that the centripetal force is measured using direct weighing by masses placed on the central carrier. Centripetal Force Apparatus permits accurate determinations of the relationship between force, mass radius and angular velocity of a rotating body. A similar pair of radius rods beneath the turntable compensate for any force due to the rods themselves. The masses, which may be separated to show the effect of equivalent mass, may be fixed at any radius from 75 mm to 250 mm along the graduated radius rods. One or more of the masses may be removed. For experimental work the mass, radius and angular velocity may be varied.
Features:
Precision electronic tachometer
Variable speed electric drive
Counter balanced operating linkage.
The apparatus is elaborately equipped for a wide range of investigations into both linear and angular motion. This all metal system consists of a steel guided plane, 180 cm long, machined from a stiff girder section with a V groove and flat for guiding. Fletcher Trolley apparatus is manufactured to the well known sturdy design. The centre is slotted for the Rolling Disc experiment. Slope is controlled by an adjusting screw and measured on a scale. Two trolleys are provided, equipped with buffers and spear and plug for interlocking. Supplied complete with trolley masses, double set of slotted weights and hangers, balanced rolling disc and axle, rolling balls, 2 vibrating arms, packing block, paper rolls, ink and brushes. A pair of echelon pulleys is provided at either end and there are two bridges adjustable for position along the length of the plane.
Features:
Swinging arm available for angular momentum experiments
Accurate and repeatable results
Two trolley system
Weights and consumables included.
The plane carries a free running pulley at one end and at the other end is hinged to the base plate. Consisting mostly of metal construction with a machine ground steel plane. The angle is displayed on a Clinometer Protractor on the front face of the plane. Eight sliding surfaces are supplied on opposite faces of 10 cm x 10 cm pads having a total mass of 1 Kg each. Two vertical pillars located either side of the plane carry a cross bar which can be positioned at various levels by set screws to tilt the plane. Certain materials are provided on both half area and full area of the pads. Other surfaces include steel, glass, aluminium and PVC. A knurled screw permits fine adjustment of the angle of the plane which has a maximum value of 45º. Additional loads of 2 x 1 Kg each and 1 x 500 gm together with 1 Kg weight carrier are also provided.
Applications:
Frictional effects of an inclined plane
Measures coefficient of friction between steel and various materials
Experiments of moving and static bodies.
Features:
Eight sliding surfaces of various engineering materials
Clinometer measurement for fine adjustment of plane angle
Various load masses.
The unit also includes a vibrating arm to enable traces to be drawn on a paper strip positioned on the circumference of the flywheel. Energy of Flywheel apparatus is an extremely robust and versatile unit comprising of the main flywheel, the mass of which can be varied by adding and removing two rings and one disc, and mounted on a heavy duty stand suitable for mounting. The assembly, of overall dimensions 450 mm long by 400 mm wide by 360 mm high, is supplied complete with paper roll, bottle of ink, spare vibrator brush, ink feed brush and length of cord, but without masses and hanger. The fully assembled flywheel, which measures 300 mm in diameter and is 75 mm wide, is fitted with a special antifriction bearing.
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The drive unit consists essentially of an oscillator and a power amplifier designed to provide a sine wave power output suitable for driving the vibration generator. Comprises a drive unit and vibration generator with experimental accessories.
Features:
Demonstration of Hookes Law applied to a spring
Demonstration of Simple Harmonic Motion of a free body
Vibration of a Double Cantilever Beam
Vibration of a Spring Mass System.
The main feature of the machine is that the cradle, in which the rotor to be balanced is supported, has only one degree of freedom which is that of rotation in a horizontal plane about the axis of the crossed spring pivot. The Static and Dynamic Balancing Machine has been developed to provide means for accurate experimental work in the balancing of rigid rotors. The position of the rotor in the cradle is adjusted so that one of the correction planes contains the axis of the cradle suspension and the rotor is balanced for moments about this correction plane by adjustments in the other correction plane. The design of the machine adheres to industrial practice and the machine may be used to balance real rotors of up to 152 mm (6") diameter and 450 mm length in addition to the fivedisc rotor provided. In either case the rotor is then completely balanced, both statically and dynamically. The rotor is then turned round in the cradle and balanced for moments about the other correction plane, or alternatively it is balanced statically.
Experimental Capability:
Four vector method of balancing, two- or three- vector method
Static balancing
Nodal point balancing
Pivot cradle balancing
Analytical analysis of unbalance
Graphical analysis of unbalance.
The bench-mounting equipment includes a back plate that holds two clear-walled cylinders containing oil (supplied). This piston compresses or decompresses a trapped column of air in the test cylinder. Students use hand-operated pumps (supplied) to increase or decrease the pressure in the left-hand cylinder (the Reservoir) which moves a liquid piston of oil in the right- hand cylinder (the test cylinder).
A digital indicator measures the change in height of the trapped air column. A mechanical pressure gauge measures the pressure of the trapped air. When multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the column, this gives the change in volume.
The equipment uses normal, clean, dry air, as it behaves as an ideal gas over the range of pressures used in this equipment.
Experiments:
Proving Boyles Law by experiment.
Demonstrations of gas temperature change during compression and decompression.
Centrifugal Force Apparatus
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Bench top experiment for demonstrating Hertzian contact
Dynamo meter spring balance
Sliding device for spring balance to allow continuously adjustable contact force
Pressure pad made of silicone rubber
Sturdy metal chassis with rubber feet
Transparent plastic pressure plate
Optimal illumination of the contact area using halogen light from the side.
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Features:
Precisely designed
Low maintenance
Highly durable.
A robust support pillar fixes to a suitable table or bench(not supplied) with a low natural frequency. The pillar holds a cantilever that holds a model four-cylinder engine.
A bench- mounting model four-cylinder engine that shows primary and secondary forces and moments in reciprocating masses and how to balance them. The model engine has a crankshaft, connecting rods, bushes , pistons and a cylinder block. A separate Control and Instrumentation Unit (included) controls a motor that turns the engine crankshaft. This product is an excellent follow-on from the Static and Dynamic Balancing equipment.
Experiments:
Primary and secondary forces and moments for different crank settings.
Comparing calculated forces and moments with actual results.
The effect of adding additional mass to one or more pistons for any chosen crank setting.
Primary and secondary forces and moments in popular engine configurations - one, two and four cylinder.
A set of thirteen graduated tubes show the oil pressure across and along the film under the pad. The bench-mounting unit has an aluminium plate (pad) mounted above a continuous loop flat belt. This creates a pressurised film of oil between the pad and the belt. The belt runs in an oil reservoir to provide a continuous supply of oil under the pad.
Students vary the belt speed to find the relationship between sliding speed, oil viscosity and pressure distribution. Included is a variable speed control to control the speed of the motor that turns the belt.
Experiments:
Pressure distributions in a tilting pad bearing.
The relationship between pressure and the film thickness at the trailing edge of the pad.
Influence of sliding speed and viscosity on the pressure distribution in the bearing and comparison with calculations based on Reynolds equation.
