LaboratoryInstrumentIndia is a premier provider in the field of thermodynamics lab equipment, serving as manufacturers, suppliers, and exporters across India, China, and Kenya. Our extensive range of thermodynamics laboratory instruments is designed to meet the diverse needs of educational institutions, research laboratories, and industrial applications.
We offer a comprehensive selection of equipment including calorimeters, heat engines, thermal conductivity apparatus, thermocouples, and more. These instruments are meticulously engineered to deliver precise measurements and reliable performance in thermodynamics experiments and studies.
At LaboratoryInstrumentIndia, we are committed to excellence in engineering and customer satisfaction. Our state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities and stringent quality control processes ensure that our thermodynamics lab instruments meet international standards of quality and durability.
Choose LaboratoryInstrumentIndia as your trusted partner for superior thermodynamics lab equipment that enhances learning, research, and experimentation in the field of thermal sciences. We are dedicated to providing reliable and efficient instruments that empower your thermodynamics studies and applications.
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The steam flow coming from the plant is conveyed to the nozzle under test by opening a valve. Pipes are insulated for safety and thermal efficiency reasons. It consists of three pipes mounting three different nozzles. The unit can be used with steam plants or with any other steam source at the pressure of 10 bar approx. It is supplied together with technical manual and exercise book. The Steam Nozzle Training Unit has been designed to enable students to perform steam flow tests with nozzles of different type.
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The boiler water feeding is got from the mains by means of a embodied circulation pump rated at 0.55 kW and electrical valve. The automatic steam generator has a 9 kg/h production capacity, at 4.5 bar pressure. The most relevant protections and warning system are also considered, such as the level indicator, pressure switches, safety valves, manometer and warning lights. The heating of the water occurs by means of three resistors with a global electric power of 7 kW.
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The system comes complete withinstrumentation, including rpm measurement, torque (from which power can becalculated), airflow and exhaust temperature. This multi-purpose test rig is designed to accept a series of gasolineand diesel engines available separately. The utilises an eddy-current dynamometer to provide avariable load on the engine, enabling the characteristic power and torquecurves to be reproduced in the laboratory dependent upon which sensor optionsare ordered. This provides real-time monitoring of the varioussensors, with a wide range of data logging and graphical display options. Both the dynamometer and throttle can be controlled electronically, which makesinstallation into a closed test cell straightforward, and enables remoteoperation.
Other optional sensors can bepurchased to further enhance the teaching capabilities of the includingcylinder pressure sensors and fuel consumption.
The unit is designed to be linked to the users computeror touch screen, linked to supplied software with sophisticated control anddata acquisition.
The whole system is designed to be linked to a computerusing the software provided.
Forced Convection Heat Transfer apparatus allows students to examine the theory and associated formulae related to forced convection in pipes. It is a frame holding a motor-driven fan, piping and instrumentation panel. A basic knowledge of forced convection heat transfer theory is valuable in many engineering fields, especially heat-exchanger design. It also has a large work surface for student convenience. The fan runs at a constant speed and draws air through a control valve. A larger manometer on the instrument panel measures the fan pressure drop. The u-shaped pipe connects to a smaller diameter insulated and electrically heated copper test pipe. The air then moves into a u-shaped pipe.An orifice plate in the pipe connects to a manometer on the instrumentation panel to measure the airflow rate. The test pipe discharges to atmosphere. Pressure tappings each end of the test pipe connect to amanometer on the instrument panel to measure test length pressure drop. Students control the power input to the test pipe heater using a variable transformer while noting the power using instrumentation on the panel. Further thermocouples measure temperature at various points within the test pipe insulation. Students use a digital indicator on the instrumentation panel to display thermocouple temperature readings. A thermometer measures the air temperature at the inlet to the test pipe.Thermocouples measure the temperature at various points along the test pipe wall.
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The electric heater and thermocouples connect to sockets on the Heat Transfer Experiments Base Unit, which also supplies the cold water feed and drain for the heat sink Students turn on the cooling water flow and adjust the heater power until the experiment reaches equilibrium. This experiment has a solid brass disc with an electric heater at its centre and a circular cross section cooling tube around its circumference. At equally spaced radii on the disc, seven thermocouples measure the temperature as the heat conducts radially outwards from the heater. Insulation around the disc reduces heat loss by convection and radiation, so that the results should match the theory for simple radial conduction only. It mounts on a base plate with a clear schematic of the experiment layout.
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The Base Unit is the core of the range. It includes a hand-operated valve to help give a controllable water flow and a simple return pipe, both colour-coded. The water connections to the optional experiments are self-sealing quick connectors for safety and simplicity. The inlet and outlet fluid streams have different colours to reduce errors. It provides cold water and heater power to the optional experiments and all the instruments needed to measure their performance. The Base Units water system connects to a suitable cold water supply and drain. It also includes sockets for the thermocouples built into each optional experiment. Clear, multi line digital displays on the Base Unit show the temperatures and heater power of each experiment. Changing an experiment takes less than a minute. The Base Unit provides a variable and measured electrical current to the heater in each experiment and works with a safety switch to stop the heater from becoming too hot.
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To satisfy this need, manufacturers now use solid state thermoelectric devices in computers, portable refrigerators and cool boxes. The increasing need for smaller and more portable electrically powered equipment has produced a need for low maintenance, smaller and more portable cooling.
The Thermoelectric Device Demonstrator shows how one of these devices works and tests its performance when connected in a choice of two modes:
Heat to electricity for power generation when used in See beckmode often used for thermoelectric generation and given the acronym.
The load allows generated power to flow and be measured for a range of applied temperature gradients.
As an electrically powered heat pump when used in Peltiermode. Often used in thermoelectric cooling and given the acronym.
Students then learn to analyse its performance in both modes, analysing several factors including coefficient of performance and energy balance. For the See beck tests, the equipment uses an external cold water source and variable power electric heater to create a temperature difference across the device. A switch allows tests with and without an electrical load. The device then converts this into an electrical potential difference.
The boiler produces steam to turn a two-cylinder steam motor. The used steam from the motor outlet passes through a mains water-cooled condenser, then down to a waste tank or to a measuring vessel (supplied). The equipment includes all instruments needed for the experiments. A mobile frame contains all the parts of the test set. An electric pump draws from a reservoir to deliver water to an electrically-heated boiler. The boiler includes a safety valve, water level gauge and blow-downcock. Thermocouples connect to a digital temperature display to measure and display temperatures at key points in the test set. Athrottling calorimeter allows students to measure the dryness fraction of the steam. Two mechanical gauges show the boiler and engine inlet pressures. These include a band-brake dynamometer with a digital torque and speed display, to measure and display motor speed, torque and power. A meter shows the electrical power supplied to the heaters in the boiler.
A mobile laboratory-scale steam plant for experiments in thermo dynamic principles. It helps students to understand:
Steady flow energy equation
Thermal efficiency and the control surface
Thermodynamic laws of energy conservation
The Willans line
Rankine Cycle Analysis.
Electronic drive units independently control both motors. Meters show motor electrical power consumption of each motor. A close-coupled load cell on each motor measures torque. Sensor on each motor measures speed, shown by a digital indicator. This test set has two independently-controlled, motor driven compressors, inter cooler and air receiver. It works as a single-stage, two-stage or two-stage compressor with inter cooler. The product of the torque and speed gives true shaft power. To allow students to study different types of air compressor systems, diverter valves allow air to move in different directions. All controls and instrumentation are on an easy-to-operate mimic panel. Electric motors and low-maintenance toothed belts drive two twin-cylinder, air-cooled reciprocating compressors. These include:
From the first stage to the receiver
To the second stage, by means of the integral water cooled inter cooler
Directly to the second stage
Compressors:
Twin cylinders
Maximum delivery pressure 10.3 bar
Speed range 200-1000 rev.min1
Heating and condensing takes place inside a partially filled glass vessel. A heater coil heats the water. The equipment heats and condenses water, and includes a separate control module with a digital display. For boiling heat transfer experiments, students adjust the current in a resistant wire heater element in the water. They note the free convection and the other stages. The temperature of the wire reaches significantly higher than 100 degree C. Students watch the boiling process and note the different boiling processes.
These include:
Film boiling unstable and stable, where a vapour blanket forms and heat transfer by radiation becomes important.
Sub cooled boiling where small bubbles form and rise.
Nucleate boiling where large bubbles form and rise.
The Service Module is the core of the range. An electrically operated valve opens to let water in to fill the tank. The tank has protection in case of over temperature, low water level and overfilling. All fluid connections to the optional heat exchangers are self-sealing quick connectors for safety and simplicity. The hot and cold fluid streams have different connectors to reduce errors. The services modules hot water system includes a tank with a PID controlled electric heater, a pump and tank level indicators. It provides hot and cold water to the heat exchangers and all the instruments needed to measure their performance. The hot water system gives stable flow rates and temperatures.
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Refrigeration unit to chill water:
Power consumption: 370 W.
Refrigerating capacity: 40W at -10/32°C.
Expansion valve.
Cooling compressor.
Evaporator and condensator.
Coolant accumulation tank.
Tank of division of the cooling liquid.
Cooling filter.
The Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit incorporates wheels for its mobility. Recirculating Air Conditioning Unit mounted on an anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Main metallic elements of stainless steel.
2 Electrical heating elements, computer controlled: one of 2000W (pre-heater) at the inlet of the evaporator and other of 1000W (re-heater) at the outlet of the evaporator.
Axial fan, with speed control from computer, 2500 r.p.m., maximum flow: 2160 m3/h.
Evaporator.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Tunnel made of stainless steel of 300 x 300 x 4000 mm., in which there has been installed 4 windows of 200 x 300 mm. to visualize the tunnel inside.
Condenser unit, composed by:
Air flow 900 m3/h.
High-pressure cut-out, regulated at 14 bar. It switch off the compressor when the pressure reach the fix pressure.
Condenser, 1591BTU's.
Compressor, computer controlled, 1/2 Cv, 4.48 A.
Automobile Air Conditioning Trainer
Bench-top unit.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
A condenser (radiator).
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
An evaporator.
Two computer controlled refrigeration fans.
A filter.
A computer controlled variable area compressor.
An expansion valve.
A storage tank.
A computer controlled electric motor (to simulate the cars engine).
A variable frequency drive to adjust the number of revolutions of the motor between 300 and 1500 r.p.m.
A safety pressure switch that stops the compressor at 14 bars.
A compartment made of methacrylate with ventilation windows.
Cooling plant at teaching and industrial level, with modular design, and computer controlled.
Plant with ice store, wet cooling tower and dry cooler.
Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
Diagram in the front panel.
The different units (modules) connected with hoses.
Anodized aluminium structures and panels in painted steel.
Wet cooling tower.
Dry cooler.
Using valves different operating modes can be configured.
Refrigeration circuit (condenser, evaporator, compressor) and pumps.
Manometers.
Temperature sensors.
Flow sensors.
Ice tank.
Liquid tank.
Wattmeter.
Refrigerant R134a.
Connecting hoses.
High pressure control.
Pressure sensors.
Adjustment elements.
Bench-top unit.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Cooling compressor, computer controlled.
Anodized aluminium structure and panels in painted steel (epoxy paint). Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
Air evaporator, computer controlled. Water evaporator.
High pressure control.
Coolant accumulation tank. Cooling filter. Tank of division of the cooling liquid.
Expansion valve.
Water condenser.
2 Pressure sensors: Cooling pressure sensor (compressor outlet). Cooling pressure sensor (compressor inlet).
4 Manometers.
3 Flow sensors: Cooling flow sensor. Water flow sensor (water condenser). Water flow sensor (water evaporator).
Wattmeter.
Heat exchangers are essential elements in refrigeration systems. A heat exchanger is an energy (heat) exchange system between a hot and a cold fluid. On the other hand, during heating, exchangers are used as refrigerant condensers to discharge energy. In some refrigeration cycles, depending on the application, it is necessary to superheat or supercool the refrigerant. In refrigeration circuits, during cooling heat exchangers are used as evaporator, to absorb energy from the refrigerant.
Experimental unit for the training of apprentices for refrigeration area. The unit includes wheels for its mobility. Main metallic elements made of stainless steel. Diagram in the front panel with distribution of the elements similar to the real one. Anodized aluminum frame and panels made of stainless steel.
Bench-top unit. Anodized aluminium structure and panels in painted steel (epoxy paint). Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
Air condenser, computer controlled.
High pressure control.
Coolant accumulation tank. Cooling filter. Tank of division of the cooling liquid.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Cooling compressor, computer controlled.
Expansion valve.
Air evaporator, computer controlled.
Water evaporator.
4 Manometers.
2 Flow sensors: Cooling flow sensor. Water flow sensor (water evaporator).
9 Temperature sensors (4 sensors measure the cooling temperature, 2 sensors measure the water temperature, 3 sensors measure the air temperature
2 Pressure sensors: Cooling pressure sensor (compressor outlet). Cooling pressure sensor (compressor inlet).
Enthalpy diagram of the refrigerant R134a.
Wattmeter.
Anodized aluminum structure and panels in painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit
Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
Unit to perform experiments with a SCADA SOFTWARE.
System control via solenoid valves.
The unit includes wheels to facilitate its mobility.
Base unit of the unit that allows the development basic experiments on the operation of the refrigeration and air conditioning systems in conjunction with different models.
Function educational.
Models attached securely with fasteners.
Condenser unit with: Compressor, Condenser, Receiver of refrigerant.
Data acquisition.
Automation of the air operation system.
Bench-top unit.
Anodized aluminium structure and panels in painted steel. Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
High pressure control.
Coolant accumulation tank. Cooling filter. Tank of division of the cooling liquid.
Expansion valve.
Cooling compressor, computer controlled.
Water condenser.
Water evaporator.
4 Manometers.
2 Pressure sensors: Cooling pressure sensor (compressor outlet). Cooling pressure sensor (compressor inlet).
7 Temperature sensors:
3 Flow sensors: Cooling flow sensor. Water flow sensor (water condenser). Water flow sensor (water evaporator).
Enthalpy diagram of the refrigerant R134a.
Wattmeter.
Bench-top unit.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Cooling compressor, computer controlled.
Anodized aluminium structure and panels in painted steel. Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
Coolant accumulation tank. Cooling filter.
Expansion valve.
Water evaporator.
Air condenser, computer controlled.
High pressure control.
Tank of division of the cooling liquid.
4 Manometers.
2 Flow sensors (cooling flow sensor and water flow sensor).
2 Pressure sensors: Cooling pressure sensor (compressor outlet). Cooling pressure sensor (compressor inlet).
8 Temperature sensors (4 sensors for the cooling temperature, 2 sensors for water temperature, 2 sensors for the air temperature)
Enthalpy diagram of the refrigerant R134a.
Wattmeter.
Bench-top unit, with anodized aluminum structure and painted steel panels.
Main metallic elements of stainless steel.
Water condenser, capacity: 1580 W.
High pressure control.
Coolant accumulator.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Cooling compressor, computer controlled, power: 1/2 CV.
Air condenser, computer controlled.
Coolant filter to retain particles of condensate.
Expansion valve.
4 Manometers, situated at important points of the unit.
Water evaporator, capacity: 1580 W.
Air evaporator, computer controlled.
Liquid separator to retain liquid particles before going on to the compressor.
Bench top unit with anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Main metallic elements of stainless steel.
Computer controlled cooling compressor:
a. Type: hermetic.
b. Power: 1 CV.
2 water condensers, capacity: 1580 W.
2 computer controlled air condensers.
High pressure switch.
Expansion valve.
Coolant accumulator.
Coolant filter to retain particles of condensate.
2 computer controlled air evaporators.
2 water evaporators, capacity: 1580 W.
4 manometers, situated at important points of the process.
13 type J temperature sensors.
Liquid separator to retain liquid particles before being directed to the compressor.
Bench-top unit.
Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Air condenser.
High pressure control.
Coolant accumulation tank.
2 Manometers.
Coolant compressor, computer controlled.
Evaporator-freezer, with two freezing plates of 180 mm x 280 mm. One freezing plate is fixed and the other one is height adjustable.
Four-way valve.
Expansion valve.
6 Temperature sensors, type J (temperature measurement of the food).
8 Temperature sensors:
2 Temperature sensors, type J (temperature measurement of the coolant).
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
The unit includes wheels to facilitate its mobility.
Experimental unit for the training of apprentices for refrigeration area that allows the investigation of a refrigeration system with different expansion elements.
Diagram in the front panel with distribution of the elements similar to the real one.
Main metallic elements of stainless steel.
Main metallic elements in stainless steel.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Bench-top unit.
Anodized aluminum frame and panels of painted steel.
Bench-top unit.
Main metallic elements of stainless steel.
Diagram in the front panel with distribution of the elements similar to the real one.
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Compressor:
Power: 1/2 CV.
Hermetic compressor computer controlled.
Condenser:
Totally hermetic by viton joints.
Vertical transparent cylinder, through which the coil of heat exchange can be seen.
It has a copper coil through which circulates cooling water inside.
Diameter of coil: 1/4.
Heat transfer area: 0.032 m² approx.
9 nickel-plated copper spires.
Expansion:
Sight glass placed between the expansion valve and the evaporator, to show the formation of vapour bubbles after the expansion valve.
Expansion valve, float type, that is assembled on the condenser.
Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.
Computer controlled compressor.
Computer controlled air condenser.
Anodized aluminum structure and panels of painted steel.
Main metallic elements of stainless steel.
Tank of division of the cooling liquid.
2 Closed cooling chambers, each one with electric heating element and air evaporator
Series and parallel operation of evaporators.
High pressure control.
Coolant accumulation tank.
Cooling filter.
Expansion valve.
3 Expansion elements: 2 expansion valves and capillary tube.
Temperature sensors J type.
Manometers.
Wattmeter.
Pressure sensors. Pressure controller.
The Set Of Sectioned Components For Thermic Plants includes some of the most important components, used in thermic plants. Special explanatory technical plates show each sectioned component explaining its operation with notes, drawings and technical data. The use of contrasting colours according to a pre-established code simplifies the informative process as well as the learning one. In sectionizing each component the best care has been taken to evidence all the interesting constructive detailed features.
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The photovoltaic panels study unit is composed of basic panel mounted on a stand which allows any type of orientation, a movable electric equipment complete of voltmeter and ammeter, and a light source.
Characteristics of Photovoltaic Panels Study Unit
The artificial radiation is possible because there is a light source constituted by lamp with brightness continuous change gear (0·300 W) mounted on an adjustable tripod. The electric instruments allow the photovoltaic panel performances control in the different conditions of solar and artificial radiation. The panel is constituted by 36 single-crystalline silicon cells, connected in series, and It presents the following characteristics with an ambience temperature of +25C:
Amps max: 600 mA
Open-circuit voltage: 22 V
Peak Watts: 10 W
Peak power voltage: 17 V.
The Domestic Heating Unit is provided with an electrical control board including all the instrumentation necessary to control and check the efficiency of the boiler and the distribution efficiency of the chosen system; a metering system for the heat used up by the distribution system can also be provided. Domestic Heating Unit has been designed to enable the students to become familiar with the problems encountered in the construction and management of heating systems fuelled by a liquid and using water as their heat distribution medium. With Domestic Heating Unit it proves possible to study three different systems: Module Areas, Single-Pipe, and Floor Plant. The power station is made up of a boiler with a gas-oil burner, and it uses a closed system and automatic water charging from the network.
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The water feeding can be directly connected to the mains and the water circulation is ensured by a pump rated at 0.55 kW. This electric and automatic steam generator is fitted with two separate sets of heating elements for single or double operation.
Features:
Steam production: 50 kg/h
Operating pressure: 4·5 bar.
Total electric power: 40 kW at 380 W, three-phase, 50 Hz.
The photovoltaic panels study unit is composed of basic panel mounted on a stand which allows any type of orientation, a movable electric equipment complete of voltmeter and ammeter, and a light source.
Characteristics:
The artificial radiation is possible because there is a light source constituted by lamp with brightness continuous change gear (0·300 W) mounted on an adjustable tripod. The electric instruments allow the photovoltaic panel performances control in the different conditions of solar and artificial radiation. The panel is constituted by 36 single-crystalline silicon cells, connected in series, and It presents the following characteristics with an ambience temperature of +25C:
Peak power voltage: 17 V
Amps max: 600 mA
Peak Watts: 10 W
Open-circuit voltage: 22 V
Required Services:
Electrical supply 220 V
Weights and dimensions:
Dimensions: 660x450x200 h mm.
Unit weight: 16 kg.
The water feeding can be directly connected to the mains and the water circulation is ensured by a pump rated at 0.55 kW. This electric and automatic steam generator is fitted with two separate sets of heating elements for single or double operation.
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The Civil Heating Plant unit is supplied with a manual which describes all the parts of the trainer, the installation and utilization procedures, as well as many exercises with the relative results.
It enables the student to compare different types of circuit based solutions and to know deeply different kinds of heating systems. The Civil Heating Plant shows the fundamental functions of a heating system for civil use.
Module A: Radiator And Fan Coil
Module B: Floor Heating System
The plant is modular and allows to connect other components. The student is provided with teaching and checkout means that allow him to learn the fundamentals for a correct sizing of the heat production unit, of the distribution circuit and of the radiators.
The Civil Heating Plant is supplied in two versions:
With gas fired boiler
With electrical boiler
The plant is modular and allows to connect other components. The student is provided with teaching and checkout means that allow him to learn the fundamentals for a correct sizing of the heat production unit, of the distribution circuit and of the radiators.
It enables the student to compare different types of circuit based solutions and to know deeply different kinds of heating systems. The Heating Plant shows the fundamental functions of a heating system for civil use.
Module A: Radiator And Fan Coil
Module B: Floor Heating System
The unit is supplied with a manual which describes all the parts of the trainer, the installation and utilization procedures, as well as many exercises with the relative results.
The Plant is supplied in two versions:
With gas fired boiler
With electrical boiler
Civil Heating Plant With Gas Fired Boiler
High efficiency gas fired boiler:
Leak detector with acoustic alarm.
Power: 24 kW;
Vent stack.
Gas meter.
The following unique features are obtained:
Oil-free cylinder and crankcase
Can be run on any combustible fuel
Water injection
Full combustion visibility
Variable spark timing lever
The basic plant generates steam by means of a boiler, uses it by means of an action turbine and, finally, condenses and recovers it. The plant includes units for supplying water and fuel, an electrical board for controls and commands, and the instruments needed for performing the basic tests. Plants for the generation and utilization of water steam are particularly important for purposes because due to their complexity they are of interest to various training fields such as thermodynamics, electro technics, mechanics, plant design and others. Technology and use of steam plants. The installation is also very simple stonework is not required only the electrical power supply and water supply from the normal distribution networks. Some optional kits are provided to increase the number of ways to use the plant and run further tests. The optional kits and the system are described on separate sheets. The system is supplied complete with manuals describing the system in all its parts, the procedures for installation and use. A data acquisition and analysis system for Personal Computers is available to monitor the principal parameters of the plant in real time, take measurements by means of a Personal Computer, produce characteristic curves of various components, and store test data on disc or print them out.
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Composition and Technical Characteristics:
Combustion Engines
Basic unit complete with:
Battery charger housing.
LAN Ethernet connector.
Infrared ray input by remote control.
Keyboard, mouse, Bluetooth via USB flash drive, serial and USB ports.
Rev counter and universal thermometer with data output both via cable and via Bluetooth, complete with connecting cables to acquire data from the battery and the EOBD diagnostic socket.
Engine oil temperature probe: 5 to 180°C.
PC module, monitor, A4 printer and DVD/CD reader.
User manual, software.
Weight and Dimensions:
Overall dimensions: 760 x 660 x 1570 mm
Weight: 86 kg.
The Exhaust Gas Analyzer For Internal Combustion Engines measures the carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and oxygen (O2) values and uses them to determine the air-fuel ratio correction coefficient automatically it is also used to measure smoke emission from diesel engines.
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A bench top service unit makes it possible to supply the electrical feedings and measurement facilities. The Heat Transfer Study Units has been designed to carry out experiments concerning the basic modes of heat transfer. Thus the student can investigate conduction, convection, radiation and their combined effects, non-steady state and measurement errors.
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The unit is supplied with manuals which describe all parts of the unit, the installation and utilization procedures, as well as many exercises with experimental results. The Computerized Air Water Heat Transfer Apparatus allows to perform several experiments relevant to the thermal exchange phenomena connected to convection and conduction and some interesting experiments on fluid dynamics. Moreover, the transducers and the dedicated software allows the data acquisition of the main thermodynamics quantities and to obtain or as a table or as a graph, the acquired values and the thermodynamic calculated quantities. In particular, it is possible to study the thermal exchange between a gas (air) and a liquid (water) and the thermal exchange between an air flow rate in a forced motion and a wall at different temperature.
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A bench top service unit makes it possible to supply hot water to different types of heat exchangers which are small scale versions of the commonly used industrial ones. The Computerized Heat Exchanger Bench Top Study Unit has been designed to carry out experiments concerning the main techniques of heat transfer. Thus the student can compare their performance, fully understand the importance of a correct choice and, if possible, compare the influence of co-current and counter-current heat exchange.
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The Compression Ratio can be changed without stopping the engine and without altering the combustion chamber geometry by means of a specially designed tilting cylinder block arrangement. Setup is provided with necessary instruments for combustion pressure and crank-angle measurements. Computerized Variable Compression Ratio Engine Test Bed allows to perform experiments concerning this kind of engines. The unit consists of single cylinder, four stroke, Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. Provision is also made to interface airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load measurement. Rota meters are provided for cooling water and calorimeter water flow measurement. The test bed includes a stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, two fuel tanks for duel fuel test, manometer, fuel measuring unit, transmitters for air and fuel flow measurements, process indicator and engine indicator.
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The unit is supplied with manuals which describe all parts of the unit, the installation and utilization procedures, as well as many exercises with experimental results. The Air water Heat Transfer Apparatus allows to perform several experiments relevant to the thermal exchange phenomena connected to convection and conduction and some interesting experiments on fluid dynamics. In particular, it is possible to study the thermal exchange between a gas (air) and a liquid (water) and the thermal exchange between an air flow rate in a forced motion and a wall at different temperature.
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The electric energy generated by the alternator is dissipated on a resistive load. It is possible to study a jet engine by simply changing the configuration of power turbine simulation into that of an aircraft engine. The Two Shaft Gas Turbine Study Unit Jet Engine consists of a wheeled frame made of steel, of a panel with mimic diagram carrying the measurement instruments and of a base where the main components are installed, that is the combustion chamber, the turbocharger assembly, the power turbine and the alternator. The unit is supplied with manuals which describe all parts of the trainer, the installation and utilisation procedures, as well as many exercises with the relative results. The exhaust gases produced by the combustion of the compressed air/gas mixture are made to expand first through the turbine of the turbocharger assembly in order to supply the energy necessary to compress the air and then through the power turbine coupled to the alternator through a toothed belt.
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The Boiler Simulator With Checks And Fault Generator is equipped with all the typical checking and adjustment devices generally employed in boilers. To facilitate the teaching process, a mixed gas/gas-oil burner has been fitted, as well as four different types of level regulators and a fault generating unit with warning lights. The Boiler Simulator With Checks And Fault Generator unit has been designed to study, on a functional model but simulated, all parameters which regulate the utilisation, conduction, maintenance and repairs on a steam generator plant with water pipe boiler. All this plus the electrical control board, is assembled on to a wheel mounted frame. The unit is supplied with a operating manual and exercise book. The boiler body is made of transparent material so as to visualise the behaviour of hydraulic phenomena inside the boiler.
Characteristics:
Gas oil burner equipped with electronic control box.
Panel for fault simulation with a key-locked door.
Water feed tank, 100 l capacity
Water feed pump: max flow rate 2 m3/h Max head 4 m.
Steam pressure simulation by means of pump.
Electrical control board with synoptic display of the functional diagram including the warning lights of all components, the main switch and the selector to operate the four different types of level regulators and the fuel type selector.
The system includes a dynamometer with a control and instrumentation panel. On the test bed, an engine selected among the engines in widespread use is mounted. Computerized Automotive Engine Test Bed allows to carry out a vast selection of tests on petrol and diesel engines, with a power output of up to 80 kW. Other engines not listed in this catalogue can be supplied on request. The system is supplied with manuals, which describe all parts of the trainer, the installation and utilization procedures, as well as many exercises with the relative results.
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The Pensky Martens Flash Point Apparatus allows for the determination of the flash point up to 370 °C of drying oils, fuel oils, lube oils, suspensions of solids, solvent-type waxes, liquids that tend to form a surface film and other liquids.
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Mahler Calorimeter For Determining Heat Of Combustion allows to measure the heat from combustion of several substances such as both liquid and solid hydrocarbon fuels with low and high volatility.
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The Heat Exchange Study Unit is available in two versions:
Computerized Heat Exchange Study Unit
Heat Exchange Study Unit
The exchanger and its operating mode is by means of manual valves. The system has an electric heater with a thermostat for the production of hot water. All the exchangers are mounted in parallel and can be used separately, operating in equicurrent or counter-current conditions, except from S1 and S4. Cold water is taken from the water mains. The unit is supplied with manuals that describe each component of the system, installation and utilization procedures and many exercises with the relative results. The bench is trolley mounted and is equipped with a front panel, featuring a silk-screen printed synoptic panel.
The Compression Ratio can be changed without stopping the engine and without altering the combustion chamber geometry by means of a specially designed tilting cylinder block arrangement both during gasoline running and during Diesel running. Computerized Variable Compression Ratio Multifuel Engine Test Bed allows to perform experiments concerning this kind of engines. The unit consists of single cylinder, four stroke, Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. Setup is provided with necessary instruments for combustion pressure and crank-angle measurements. The test bed includes a stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, two fuel tanks for duel fuel test, manometer, and fuel Measuring unit, transmitters for air and fuel flow measurements, process indicator and engine indicator. Rota meters are provided for cooling water and calorimeter water flow measurement. These signals are interfaced to computer through engine indicator for pv diagrams. Provision is also made to interface airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load measurement.
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The cylindrical boiler is filled with a known quantity of water, then heat is given through the resistance. Heat is supplied to the water in the boiler under steady-volume rather than steady-pressure conditions. The Computerized Marcet Boiler is designed to determine the corresponding temperature and pressure values for wet saturated steam at all pressures ranging from atmospheric up to 17 bar. The liquid gradual evaporation will thus cause pressure - and therefore the saturation temperature - to increase in the boiler enclosed space and the values are visualized on digital indicators. Moreover, the transducers and the dedicated software allow the data acquisition of the main thermodynamics quantities and to obtain as a table or as a graph, the acquired values and the thermodynamic calculated quantities.
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A bench top service unit makes it possible to supply hot water to different types of heat exchangers, which are small scale versions of the commonly used industrial ones. The Heat Exchanger Bench Top Study Unit has been designed to carry out experiments concerning the main techniques of heat transfer. Thus the student can compare their performance, fully understand the importance of a correct choice and, if possible, compare the influence of co-current and counter-current heat exchange.
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The self-sufficient unit allows to perform experiments on water cooling by using Three interchangeable cooling towers having packings with different heat exchange surface.
Electrical centrifugal fan, 0 to 2000 m3/h, for air circulation, with shutter.
Chamber for air distribution.
Heater for air warming up.
No. 3 towers, 150 x 150 x 600 h mm, made of transparent Plexiglas in order to allow full visibility of the water flow.
Water circulation pump, 30 W, fitted with regulation by-pass.
Turbine type electronic flow rate transducer.
Feeding, signal conditioning and A/D conversion unit.
Transparent water collection tank, with 2 kW electrical heating resistors, fitted with thermostat and level control.
Transparent calibrated tank to compensate the water loss due to evaporation, 10 l capacity
Electric control board.
Analysis and data acquisition software for Windows.
The calorific value is obtained by utilizing a heat exchanger where the products of combustion are cooled by a measured flow of water. Junkers Boys Calorimeter apparatus allows for the accurate determination of the calorific value of the main fuel gases which are used in the industry, such as butane, propane and methane. The system is supplied with manuals which describe all parts of the trainer, the installation and utilization procedures, as well as some exercises with the relative results. The burner is supplied with a complete set of interchangeable nozzles for the different types of gases.
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The computerized version unit allows, thanks to the electronic transducers and suitable software, to display on personal computer and/or print the tables of results and diagrams of the various experiments. The Computerized Boiling Heat Transfer Apparatus has been designed to perform experiments concerning heat transfer due to convection in a boiling liquid (water). The second leg of the bridge is used to balance the nickel wire and is immersed in a cooling vessel filled with water. The unit is supplied with manuals that describe each component of the system, installation and utilization procedures, and gives many exercises. The unit consists of a vessel containing a quantity of water continuously stirred and heated by a nickel filament. Since this wire is a leg of an alternate current bridge, the temperature can be measured very accurately.
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The Internal Combustion Engines Test Bed is perfectly vibration free and can be installed in any room or laboratory. Engines are quickly and easily installed on the test frame in pairs, to be tested in rapid succession. In its design, all teaching needs have been taken into account, together with practical requirements, in terms of installation and replacement of the engines to be tested.
Internal Combustion Engine Test Bed has been specially designed for use in testing laboratories, and to ensure the greatest possible teaching effectiveness in the field of i.c. engines. A data acquisition and analysis system for Personal Computer, called SAD/End, is available and make it possible to perform several functions automatically taking measurements, displaying torque and power curves on screen or printing them out, filing the test data on disk, or printing them out. The engines are coupled to a dynamometric unit for the determination of torque and power values.
The exhaust gases produced by the combustion of the compressed air/gas mixture are made to expand first through the turbine of the turbocharger assembly in order to supply the energy necessary to compress the air and then through the power turbine coupled to the alternator through a toothed belt. The Two Shaft Gas Turbine Study Unit consists of a wheeled frame made of steel, of a panel with mimic diagram carrying the measurement instruments and of a base where the main components are installed, that is the combustion chamber, the turbocharger assembly, the power turbine and the alternator. The electric energy generated by the alternator is dissipated on a resistive load.
The Two Shaft Gas Turbine Study Unit is available in two versions:
Computerized version unit which allows, thanks to the electronic transducers and suitable Software, to display and/or print on personal computer the tables of results and diagrams of the experiments.
Basic unit in manual version.
The Nozzle Performance Test Unit has been designed to allow the study of the reaction of a compressed air stream through different types of nozzles.
It is possible to utilize the unit in two different circuit configurations:
In the first configuration the air jet coming out from the nozzle hits a special impact head mounted on a balance arm. In the second configuration, the air jet comes out from the nozzle vertically upwards, pushing the balance arm downwards. In both configuration, the forces generated are measured by a mechanical micrometer fitted with an electric sensor.
The first allows to study the speed of the jet coming out from the nozzle,
The second allows to study the thrust of the jet itself.
A bench top service unit makes it possible to supply the electrical feedings and measurement facilities. The Computerized Heat Transfer Study Units has been designed to carry out experiments concerning the basic modes of heat transfer. Thus the student can investigate conduction, convection, radiation and their combined effects, no steady state and measurement errors.
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The Computerized Concentric Pipes Heat Exchanger Study Unit has been realized to study the operation of a heat exchanger, concentric pipes type. The water is heated by a proper electric resistance. A set of valves enables to operate either in equi-current or in counter-current conditions. The unit is provided with a wheel-mounted frame and includes all the measuring instruments necessary to perform the experiments. A three-speed motor-driven-pump generates the hot water flow in the primary circuit while in the secondary circuit the water is directly drawn by the water mains. This type of exchanger, which is very common in the industrial field, enables the student, owing to its simple construction, to quickly learn the thermal exchange concept and study the main parameters by varying the operation conditions. The system is supplied with manuals which describe all parts of the trainer, the installation and utilisation procedures, as well as many exercises with the relative results. A data acquisition and analysis system for personal computer allows to take the measurements automatically, to plot the curves on screen or print them out, to store the experimental data on disk or print them.
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Automotive Engines Test Bed allows to carry out a vast selection of tests on petrol and Diesel engines, with a power output of up 81 kW. The engines proposed with the testing bench are in widespread use and are supplied on an independent trolley mounted frame which can be easily connected to the dynamometer. The system is supplied with manuals which describe all parts of the trainer, the installation and utilization procedures, as well as many exercises with the relative results. Additional engines not listed in this catalogue can also be supplied on request. The system includes a dynamometer with a control and instrumentation panel, a service unit with instruments for the measurement of air and fuel flow and a number of optional kits to make additional tests.
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The Marcet Boiler includes a special-purpose glass window. It allows students to see the internal construction of the vessel, to see the boiling process and to check the water level. The electrically-heated boiler holds water. As the water temperature increases, so does the pressure in the boiler. The apparatus consists of a rigid frame containing an insulated pressure vessel and an instrumentation and control unit. The Marcet Boiler is a simple experiment to show the relationship between pressure and temperature for saturated steam for comparison with published results. The frame also has extra space for the optional interface. A digital display shows the values in both SI and traditional units. A transducer and a thermocouple measure the boiler pressure and temperature.
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The equipment uses normal clean dry air, as it behaves as an ideal gas over the range of pressures used in this equipment. A thermocouple measures the temperature of the heater surface for the controller. Two thermocouples measure the temperature of the air in the vessel. A pressure transducer measures the pressure of the heated air in the vessel. A hand-operated valve at the bottom of the vessel allows students to normalize the air in the vessel to ambient conditions. A digital display shows the absolute pressure, both temperatures and their average value. The bench-mounting equipment includes a back plate that holds a low-pressure vessel. The vessel holds a fixed volume of air surrounded by an insulated heater, controlled by an electronic temperature controller. They then record the changes in pressure as the temperature increases and plot the results to prove Gay-Lussacs Law. Students set the controller for the range of temperatures needed during the experiment.
Experiments:
The principle of a vapour pressure thermometer.
Demonstrates change of pressure of a fixed volume of gas during heating.
Proving Gay-Lussacs Law by experiment.
Features:
Display of real-time data, in digital form or as an analogue meter
Real-time traces of analogue signals
Logging data for printing and later analysis
Works with existing Versatile Data Acquisition System compatible products
Performing real-time calculations to generate user defined data
Creating and printing charts and data tables
Recording data manually or automatically
Data capture set by time or intervals
Exporting data for use by other software.
Instruments are provided for measurement of temperatures, pressures and cooling water flow rates. The Refrigeration Trainer system requires outside water supply. A table top Refrigeration Trainer system is used to investigate energy balance at compressor, condenser and evaporator. Both the condenser and evaporator used water cooled heat exchangers.
Experiments:
Overall heat transfer coefficients for evaporator and condenser.
Familiarization with refrigeration cycle and components.
Effects of load variation.
Energy balances at evaporator and condenser.
Individual components are clearly shown. Temperatures and pressures at various points are indicated. Split Type Air Conditioner System is used for the demonstration of split type room air conditioning operation.
Experiments:
Observation of pressures and temperatures
Study of layout and process diagram
Remote control operation.
The unit comprises a typical refrigeration system whereby a small ice maker is used for evaporator. Ice Maker Test Rig table top refrigeration system is intended for studying ice making process. Instruments are provided for measurement of pressures and temperatures.
Experiments:
Coefficient of performance.
Familiarization with ice making system and components.
The unit consists of three type of sensors with four indicators, and five different other temperature measuring devices. Temperature Measuring Bench top unit is used for studying temperature measurement of several commonly used devices as well as understanding related principles. Heat sources and means for calibration and accuracy comparison of the different devices is also provided.
Experiments:
Understanding lead and conduction errors.
Dynamic response.
Understanding the physical principles of each device.
Understanding calibration techniques.
Air humidity.
Errors associated with incorrect applications.
Temperatures and pressures at various points are indicated. Sight glasses are provided to indicate the state of the refrigerant. Basic Refrigeration System is used for demonstration of a normal household refrigerator operation. Individual components are clearly shown.
Experiments:
Observation of pressures and temperatures.
Using a p-h state diagram.
Study of layout and process diagram.
Thermal Conductivity Of Non Metallic Materials bench top unit is for testing of thermal conductivity of non-metallic materials using guarded hot plates. The assembly is encased in a test cabinet with insulation. The cold plates are clamped together to provided a uniform pressure. A service module provides power supply and heater control unit, power measurement unit and temperature indicators. The equipment consists of a central heater with hot plates, a guard ring with heater and hot plates, and two water cooled cold plates. Two specimens are insterted between the hot plates and cold plates. The unit requires outside water supply.
Experiments:
Determination of thermal conductivity.
Inlet air is cooled and preheated by a heater and latent heat by a humidifier before entering the climatic chamber for demonstration of climate control. The air in the climatic chamber is further heated by a heater and a humidifier before leaving. Recirculation Air Conditioning Unit With Climatic Chamber is a recirculating air conditioning unit with transparent windows and a climatic chamber. A fan after the preheater circulates the air. Part of the air leaving the climatic chamber is vented and the remaining is recirculated with make up fresh air entering the inlet duct. Measuring instruments are provided for air flow rate, and temperature and humidity at various stages. Additional instruments are provided for measurement of refrigerant flow rate, temperature and pressure as well as power for the compressor and heat sources. The amount of air recirculation is controlled by ventilation flaps. Steam generator, compressor and condenser are underneath the duct.
Experiments:
Demonstration of preheating, cooling and dehumidification, humidification, reheating, and mixing processes on psychrometric chart.
Demonstration of refrigeration cycle on Pressure-Enthalpy diagram of the refrigerant.
Determination of recirculating and mixing process of moist air.
Familiarization with recirculating air conditioning system and components.
Effects of climatic chamber heat loads.
Determination of preheating, cooling and dehumidification, humidification, and reheating processes.
Energy balance in the preheater, evaporator, and reheater.
The unit consists of the three heat exchangers, and a service module. The module comprises a hot water tank with a transfer pump and instruments for monitoring and control. The Multi Heat Exchanger apparatus is used for studying of three types of heat exchangers namely-concentric tube, shell and tube, and plate-under parallel or counter flow conditions. The unit requires outside water supply. Changing from one type of heat exchanger to another is by rearranging flexible hoses and changing from parallel to counter flow is by switching two cold water hoses.
Experiments:
Demonstration of heat transfer under parallel or counter flow.
Effects of flow rate and temperature difference.
Demonstration of batch type heat transfer for jacketed vessel.
Comparison of heat transfer coefficients for concentric tube, shell and tube, and plate heat exchanger.
Determination heat transfer coefficient.
Instruments are provided for measurement of pressures, temperatures, output voltage and currents. Main components consist of a feed water system, a small industrial boiler, a steam turbine, a generator and lamp load, a condenser with a condensate tank and a pump, and a cooling tower. Accessories such as fuel tank, fuel flow meter, feed water meter, and a stack are also included. The unit is designed to simulate modern steam power plant.
Experiments:
Condenser heat transfer efficiency.
Cooling tower efficiency.
Measurement of feed water and fuel flow rates.
Boiler efficiency, turbine generator efficiency, and overall power plant efficiency.
The Stirling Cycle Hot Air Engine Vertical Cylinders unit is for demonstration of stirling cycle hot air engine principles. Instruments are provided for measurement of input power, and output power. The advantage of this design is the ability to bring the engine to operating condition in a short time.The engine consists of two vertical stainless steel cylinders. The first cylinder is to generate hot air using a heater. Power to the heater can be varied. The second cylinder is to generate a mechanical power using hot air from the first cylinder. Both cylinders are attached to a common shaft, with a suitable flywheel.
Experiments:
Output and efficiency vs speed for a given input power.
Torque vs speed for a given input power.
A fan with a flow control valve is connected to the bottom tank, and air is driven upwards through the column and exhausted at the top. Instrument are provided for measurement air flow rate, water flow rate, pressure drop across the cooling tower, temperature and moisture of the inlet and outlet air. This is a Cooling Tower Demonstration Unit. Water is heated in the storage tank, pumped through a flow meter and sprayed at the top of the tower. The water is cooled mainly by evaporation and drops to the bottom tank. Makeup water is admitted to the storage tank through a float valve. The packing in the tower breaks the water into thin films and droplets.
Experiments:
Application of steady flow equation to energy balance.
Cooling tower performance at various air and water flow rates with different inlet water temperatures.
Observation of water flow patterns and distribution.
Measurement of water and air flow rates, temperatures and humidity.
The Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger Transparent Casing apparatus is used for studying heat transfer through a shell and tube heat exchanger under parallel or counter flow conditions. Parallel and counter flow is by switching cold water hoses. The unit requires outside water supply. The module comprises a hot water tank with a transfer pump, instruments for monitoring and control. The unit consists of a shell and tube heat exchanger, and a service module.
Experiments:
Determination of heat transfer coefficient.
Effects of flow rate and temperature difference.
Demonstration of heat transfer under parallel and counter flow.
The module comprises a hot water tank with a transfer pump and instruments for monitoring and control. Selection of the heat exchanger is simply done by opening a valve and changing from parallel to counter flow is by switching two flexible hoses. The Multi Heat Exchanger Transparent Casing apparatus is used for studying of three types of heat exchangers namely-concentric tube, shell and tube, and plate-under parallel or counter flow conditions. The unit consists of the three heat exchangers, and a service module. The unit requires outside water supply.
Experiments:
Demonstration of batch type heat transfer for jacketed vessel.
Determination heat transfer coefficient.
Comparison of heat transfer for concentric tube, shell and tube, and plate heat exchanger.
Effects of flow rate and temperature difference.
Demonstration of heat transfer under parallel or counter flow.
The engine consists of a large vertical cylinder with heater to generate hot gas. Twin cylinders above the hot gas cylinder generate power. The hot gas cylinder head can be cooled by water from a cooling system. The Stirling Cycle Hot Air Engine Twin Power unit is for demonstration of stirling cycle hot air engine principles. All cylinders are attached to a common shaft. Heater to the hot gas cylinder can be varied. The advantage of this design is the ability to bring the engine to operating condition in a short time. Instruments are provided for measurement of input power and output power.
Experiments:
Output and efficiency vs speed for a given input power.
Torque vs speed for a given input power.
ffect of hot gas cylinder head cooling on efficiency.
The module comprises a service module, hot water tank with a transfer pump and instruments for monitoring and control. Parallel or counter flow is by switching cold water hoses. The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger, Transparent Casing apparatus is used for studying the heat transfer through a concentric tube under parallel or counter flow conditions. The unit requires outside cooling water supply. The unit consists of a concentric tube heat exchanger, and a service module.
Experiments:
Effects of flow rate and temperature difference.
Demonstration of heat transfer under parallel and counter flow.
Determination of heat transfer coefficient.
The measured value of the slope of the graph (dT/dP)SAT obtained from the practical results can be compared with corresponding values calculated from the data in steam tables the German Physicist and one of the founders of Thermodynamics was instrumental in deriving the relevant Clausius-Clapeyron relationship. Marcet Boiler has been developed for investigating the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressures between atmospheric and 17 bar (250 lb/in²).
Features:
Boiler Lagged To Permit Rapid Heating And Arranged For Bench Mounting
Electrically heated boiler fabricated from heavy duty steel section
Supplied complete with safety valve, pressure gauge and water cock
The air flow can be varied by regulating the butterfly valve situated at the blower outlet, and the flow rate calculated from the pressure drop across the blower inlet orifice as measured by the sloping manometer mounted against the back of the bench. The essential component of the apparatus is a large, stainless steel duct which is supplied with air from a small blower via a set of damping filters. A window is provided in the air duct to enable the various readings to be taken without disturbing the conditions inside. A further wet and dry bulb hygrometer of the aspirated type is provided in which the inclusion of an integral blower affords constant air velocity across the bulb. Instrumentation consists of two screen-type wet and dry bulb hygrometers, one giving a digital readout by means of thermistor probes and the other giving a direct readout via a glass thermometer. Finally, there are two further types of hygrometers included with the apparatus, the first being a hair hygrometer seen through the window and the second one being a Vaisala capacitance type instrument with digital readout shown on top of the bench. A sling hygrometer is included, to demonstrate a further, simple method of ventilation of the wet and dry bulb type.
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Pressure variations are made by the rotary vane pump which is provided with needle valves at entry and discharge. A further valve is incorporated at the pump outlet with pressure tappings either side of it to enable differential pressure measurements to be made and plugs are supplied to blank off any connections not in use. The apparatus consists of a series of pressure/vacuum measuring instruments mounted on a wheeled bench with an electrically driven rotary vane pump to provide the necessary pressure and vacuum. The bench also includes a microprocessor based portable digital pressure calibrator for pressures between -1 and 10 bar. The measuring instruments include a sloping, liquid filled manometer reading pressure from 0 to 75mm of water, a vertical manometer reading from 0 to 200 mm of water, a manometer reading from 0 to 760 mm, a pressure transducer with analogue readout and a Bourdon tube gauge scaled - 1 to 2.5 bar for reading both pressure and vacuum.
Experimental Capability:
Measurement of differential pressure using a manometer
Comparison of two methods of measuring pressure
Calibration of pressure transducer
Comparison of two methods of measuring vacuum
Digital pressure calibrator
An electrical heating element is fitted into the block, the electrical supply provided from a variable transformer with front panel control so that the rate of heating and final temperature can be controlled as desired. Temperature Measuring Bench is designed to demonstrate a number of commonly used methods of temperature measurement, and provides the means for calibration and accuracy comparisons of the different methods. Hence, suitable measuring devices can be found for particular applications. The main unit comprises a bench mounting console which contains the hot water bath, furnace, ice bath, a digital resistance thermometer/thermocouple instrument, digital NiCr/NiA1 thermocouple instrument and power supplies. The hot water bath comprises a Dewer flask whose lid is fitted with a combined heater stirrer unit, low water cut out to provide boiling water reference at 760 mm Hg barometric pressure. Features are provided so that a number of faults commonly occurring in thermocouple systems can be demonstrated. In addition the unit may be used to provide a temperature measuring facility for use with other experiments. The furnace comprises a brass block with holes drilled to accept a glass thermometer, resistance thermometer and thermo-couple. An over temperature thermostat is set to limit the maximum temperature to 250ºC. The heater unit incorporates an adjustable thermostatic temperature control and over-temperature cut-out.
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The engine has one working cylinder and a transfer cylinder arranged side by side in open communication one with another but without any intervening valve mechanism. The power cylinder has a single acting piston connected to the crankshaft while the transfer cylinder has a double acting displacer piston and regenerator operated by an eccentric, the phasing of which can be altered in relation to the crankpin of the power cylinder. The cycle on which the engine is based consists of two isothermal processes and two constant volume processes (the latter being performed with the aid of a regenerator). The source of heat is provided from a low voltage electric element so that it may readily be controlled and measured. Output is measured by the simple dynamometer supplied. The optimum phase angle can be determined and rotation can be reversed. The heating element is located at one end of the transfer cylinder, which is made of pyrex glass, so that the element and the transfer piston can be clearly seen. A variety of experiments can be carried out and the effect on performance of the use of gases of different specific heat ratio can be established. By means of the transparent cylinder the temperature of the element may be seen to fall as heat is extracted from it when the engine starts from rest. Relatively little information exists concerning the detail design of small hot air engines and this engine was designed from first principles with the aid of a computer to determine the optimum proportions of the various working elements.
Applications:
Use of gases of different specific heat ratio
Study of Hot air engine
Effect on performance
Cyclic compression and expansion of air
Closed-cycle
Regenerative heat exchanger
Temperature differential.
The bourdon gauge and pressure sensor are mounted on a manifold block with a separate reservoir to contain the hydraulic fluid water for safety and ease of use. Valves enable easy priming, restricted flow of water to demonstrate the application of damping and the connection of alternative devices for calibration.
A bench top unit designed to introduce students to pressure, pressure scales and common devices available to measure pressure.
The DPC consists of a precision ground piston and cylinder with a set of weights giving an operating range of 20 kNm-2 to 200 kNm-2.
The equipment utilises a dead weight pressure calibrator DPC to generate a number of predetermined pressures. This is connected to a Bourdon gauge and electronic pressure sensor to enable their characteristics, including accuracy and linearity, to be determined.
The apparatus consists of a through pipe conveying water from a cold water supply to a suitable drain with a loop of pipework connected between the supply and drain connections. The heater can be switched on or off to generate step changes when investigating the transient responses of the recycle loop. This recycle loop incorporates a circulating pump and a heater to raise the temperature of the water in the loop.
A bench top unit designed to introduce students to the characteristics of a recycle loop and the typical responses under steady state and unsteady state conditions.
The arrangement also permits different lengths of flexible tubing to be connected in series with the loop if it is required to create further changes in residence time. A pair of self-sealing fittings enables a short length of pipe or a reservoir to be connected in series with the recyle loop to change the volume of the loop and demonstrate the effect of residence time.
The temperature of the condensing water vapour in the hypsometer can be determined accurately using the software or tables in the manual, providing knowledge of the barometric pressure is known. The water level is simply raised to change the hypsometer into a variable temperature water bath.
A bench top unit designed to introduce students to temperature, temperature scales and commonly available devices to measure temperature.
Temperature sensors with different thermometric principles and characteristics are supplied. An accurate platinum resistance thermometer with five point calibration certificate and temperature indicated directly in deg C, is included for reference.
The equipment comprises a hypsometer/hot water bath and ice flask to generate accurate fixed points (the condensation point and triple point of water) and variable temperatures.
Engine test setup 3 cylinder, 4 stroke, Petrol
Air box: M S fabricated with orifice meter and manometer
Fuel tank: Capacity 15 lit with glass fuel metering column
Calorimeter: Type Pipe in pipe
Dynamo meter: Type Eddy current: Type hydraulic
Propeller shaft: With universal joints
Load sensor: Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0-50 Kg
Load indicator: Digital, Range 0-50 Kg, Supply 230VAC
Rota meter: Engine cooling100-1000 LPH;Calorimeter 25-250 LPH
Temperature sensor: Thermocouple, Type K
Temperature indicator: Digital, multi channel with selector switch
Speed indicator: Digital with non contact type speed sensor
Overall dimensions: W 2000 x D 2750 x H 1750 mm
Pump: Type Mono block
